Thermodynamics primarily deals with the three states of matter — solid, liquid, and gaseous — under various pressures and temperatures. These states and the corresponding phase transitions are discussed in detail at the beginning of this chapter.
Following that, key concepts such as heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization, and heat of fusion are introduced using examples involving solid and liquid substances. Physical effects at interfaces are also examined, with particular attention given to the surface tension of water.
The chapter then explores the physics of fluid flow, linking it with previously introduced physical quantities to provide a deeper understanding of the behavior of flowing liquids.
Next, the focus shifts to gases, whose behavior differs significantly from that of solids and liquids. All key relationships relevant to thermodynamics — including the laws of thermodynamics and the velocity distribution of gas molecules — are explained in detail.
Special emphasis is placed on the concepts of osmosis and diffusion, which play an important role in both medicine and technology for describing and calculating various quantities.
Finally, the transfer of heat between different bodies is discussed and illustrated with clear, practical examples.