Table of Contents
Informal and Formal Written Communication
In the B1 level you already know how to write simple texts. In this chapter you focus on writing emails and letters in German that are clear, polite, and appropriate for different situations. You learn the typical structure, useful phrases, and the most common differences between informal and formal communication.
Structure of German Emails and Letters
German emails and letters usually follow a clear structure. This basic pattern works for both informal and formal texts:
- Subject line (for emails) or topic (for letters)
- Greeting
- Opening sentence
- Main text
- Closing sentence
- Farewell formula
- Name and contact information
Important: Always use a greeting at the beginning and a farewell at the end. Never write in German without a greeting and closing in emails or letters.
In letters you often also write place and date at the top right:
Berlin, 12.03.2026
In emails the date is added automatically, so you usually do not write it in the text.
Informal Emails and Letters
Informal writing is used with family, friends, and close colleagues. The pronoun is usually "du" or "ihr". The tone is friendly, relaxed, and personal.
Informal greeting and farewell
Typical informal greetings:
| German | English | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Hallo Maria, | Hello Maria, | Very common, neutral informal |
| Liebe Anna, | Dear Anna, | Warm, for friends and family |
| Lieber Paul, | Dear Paul, | Masculine form of "Liebe" |
| Hi Tom, | Hi Tom, | Very informal, often in emails |
| Guten Morgen Max, | Good morning Max, | Informal, but still polite |
Rule: After "Hallo", "Liebe", "Lieber", and similar greetings, use a comma. The next sentence starts with a small letter, except when it is a noun.
Examples:
Hallo Maria,
ich hoffe, es geht dir gut.
Liebe Anna,
vielen Dank für deine Nachricht.
Note that "ich" is small here because it starts a new sentence after the greeting with a comma.
Typical informal farewells:
| German | English | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Liebe Grüße | Kind regards | Very common, friendly |
| Viele Grüße | Many greetings / Best regards | Neutral, common |
| Ganz liebe Grüße | Lots of love | Very warm, for close friends |
| Bis bald | See you soon | Informal, when you meet again |
| Bis später | See you later | Informal, very casual |
| Tschüss | Bye | Only for very short messages |
Example ending of an informal email:
Liebe Grüße
Anna
You normally do not add a full stop after your name.
Informal opening and main part
Informal emails often start with a short personal sentence:
Es freut mich, von dir zu hören.
Ich hoffe, dir geht es gut.
Danke für deine E-Mail.
Danke für deinen Brief.
Then you go to your topic:
Ich wollte dir kurz schreiben, weil …
Ich möchte dir erzählen, was …
Ich habe eine Frage zu …
In the main part you write in simple sentences in the present or past, depending on the topic:
Am Wochenende habe ich meine Eltern besucht.
Nächste Woche komme ich nach Berlin.
Try to keep paragraphs short and clear.
Formal Emails and Letters
Formal writing is used with people you do not know well, in professional situations, or with authorities and institutions. You normally use "Sie" and last names.
Formal greeting
Greetings in formal letters and emails are very standard. Here are the most important ones:
| German | English | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Sehr geehrte Frau Müller, | Dear Ms Müller, | Formal, when you know the name, female |
| Sehr geehrter Herr Schmidt, | Dear Mr Schmidt, | Formal, when you know the name, male |
| Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, | Dear Sir or Madam / To whom it may concern | Very formal, when you do not know the name or there are many people |
| Guten Tag Frau Schneider, | Good day Ms Schneider, | Slightly less formal, but polite |
| Guten Tag Herr Becker, | Good day Mr Becker, | Slightly less formal, but polite |
Rule: After "Sehr geehrte Frau / Sehr geehrter Herr" always use the last name and a comma. The next sentence begins with a small letter.
Example:
Sehr geehrte Frau Müller,
ich interessiere mich für Ihre Wohnung.
The polite pronoun "Sie" is always written with a capital "S". The same is true for "Ihnen", "Ihr", "Ihre" when they refer to the formal "Sie".
Formal farewell and signatures
Formal endings are also very fixed in German. Here are typical forms:
| German | English | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Mit freundlichen Grüßen | Kind regards / Sincerely | Standard, always correct in formal situations |
| Mit freundlichem Gruß | Kind regards | Slight variation, a bit less common |
| Freundliche Grüße | Kind regards | Slightly less formal |
| Viele Grüße | Best regards | Semi-formal or more personal business contacts |
Example end of a formal letter:
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Max Mustermann
In printed letters in Germany you usually sign by hand between the farewell and your printed name. In emails you normally just write your name, and optionally your contact information:
Max Mustermann
Musterstraße 10
12345 Berlin
Telefon: 01234 56789
E-Mail: max.mustermann@example.com
Formal opening sentences
In formal writing the first sentence after the greeting often shows why you write. There are many standard phrases.
When you react to something:
Vielen Dank für Ihre E-Mail vom 10. März.
Vielen Dank für Ihre Nachricht.
Vielen Dank für Ihre schnelle Antwort.
When you ask for information:
Ich interessiere mich für …
Ich möchte mich nach … erkundigen.
Ich habe eine Frage zu …
Könnten Sie mir bitte sagen, ob …
When you apply for something or ask politely:
Hiermit bewerbe ich mich um die Stelle als …
Hiermit möchte ich mich für den Kurs anmelden.
Ich möchte Sie bitten, mir weitere Informationen zu schicken.
Important: In formal texts avoid "du" and first names. Use "Sie" with capital "S" and the last name: "Sehr geehrte Frau Klein, …".
Basic Model for a Formal Email
A short model helps you organize your own message. You can adapt the content depending on your situation.
Greeting:
Sehr geehrte Frau / Sehr geehrter Herr / Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,
Opening:
Ich interessiere mich für … / Vielen Dank für …
Reason and details:
Ich möchte mich nach … erkundigen.
Könnten Sie mir bitte Informationen zu … schicken?
Ich möchte wissen, ob …
Closing sentence:
Ich bedanke mich im Voraus für Ihre Hilfe.
Ich freue mich auf Ihre Antwort.
Farewell:
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Name:
[Ihr Vorname] [Ihr Nachname]
For example:
Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,
ich interessiere mich für Ihren Deutschkurs. Könnten Sie mir bitte Informationen zu den Kurszeiten und den Kosten schicken?
Ich bedanke mich im Voraus für Ihre Hilfe.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Maria Santos
Email vs Paper Letter
Today many situations, even formal ones, use email. The content is similar, but there are a few small differences.
In a paper letter you put the address of the recipient and your address at the top. You also write the place and date, usually on the right:
Berlin, 12.03.2026
In an email this information is already in the system, so you do not need to repeat it in the message, except when you must give your address as information.
In both emails and paper letters you use the same greetings and farewells. The style and grammar are the same. Formality does not depend on paper or email, but on the relationship and the situation.
Politeness and Typical Phrases
Politeness in German emails and letters is often expressed through modal verbs and fixed phrases.
Making polite requests
Direct requests can sound too strong. With "können" or "könnten" you make them softer.
Können Sie mir bitte sagen, wann der Kurs beginnt?
Könnten Sie mir bitte die Preise schicken?
Könnten Sie mir bitte helfen?
"Könnten" is more polite and a bit more formal than "können".
You can also use "würde / würden":
Würden Sie mir bitte die Unterlagen per E-Mail schicken?
Or use fixed polite phrases:
Ich wäre Ihnen sehr dankbar, wenn Sie mir schreiben könnten.
Ich bedanke mich im Voraus für Ihre Hilfe.
Ich hoffe auf eine positive Antwort.
Referencing attachments and information
In emails you often send additional information. These are called "Anhang" or "Anhänge".
Im Anhang finden Sie meinen Lebenslauf.
Im Anhang sende ich Ihnen das ausgefüllte Formular.
Anbei erhalten Sie die nötigen Unterlagen.
"Anbei" is a common adverb that means "attached" or "enclosed".
Responding to Emails and Letters
You should recognize and use short formulas that show you answer to a previous message.
When you answer an informal email, you can begin:
Danke für deine E-Mail.
Schön, von dir zu hören.
Es tut mir leid, dass ich so spät antworte.
For a formal answer:
Vielen Dank für Ihre E-Mail.
Vielen Dank für Ihre Anfrage.
Vielen Dank für Ihre Nachricht.
When you want to apologize for a late answer, you can write:
Entschuldigen Sie bitte, dass ich erst jetzt antworte.
Es tut mir leid, dass ich so spät schreibe.
To close the answer, you can use:
Ich hoffe, ich konnte Ihre Fragen beantworten.
Ich freue mich, wenn ich von Ihnen höre.
Or in informal messages:
Ich hoffe, ich konnte dir helfen.
Melde dich, wenn du noch Fragen hast.
Typical Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
At B1 level some mistakes are very common in emails and letters. Here are some examples and simple rules to avoid them.
- Mixing "du" and "Sie"
Choose one form and stay with it in the whole text. For friends always "du", for formal situations always "Sie". - Forgetting capital letters in "Sie", "Ihnen", "Ihre"
In formal writing always write these forms with a capital first letter when they mean the polite "you". - Using first name in a formal greeting
Do not write "Sehr geehrte Anna," in a formal letter. Use the last name: "Sehr geehrte Frau Meier,". - No comma after the greeting
Always write a comma after the greeting, then continue on the next line with a small letter. - No clear structure
Separate the text into small logical parts: reason for writing, information or questions, polite closing sentence.
Rule: In formal texts use "Sehr geehrte(r) + Nachname" at the beginning and "Mit freundlichen Grüßen" at the end. In informal texts use "Hallo / Liebe(r) + Vorname" and "Liebe Grüße" or "Viele Grüße".
New Vocabulary
| German | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| die E-Mail | plural: die E-Mails | |
| die Nachricht | message | |
| der Brief | letter | |
| der Betreff | subject (of an email) | |
| die Anrede | greeting, salutation | formal term |
| die Grußformel | closing formula | formal term |
| Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, | Dear Sir or Madam, | very formal greeting |
| Sehr geehrte Frau …, | Dear Ms …, | formal greeting, female |
| Sehr geehrter Herr …, | Dear Mr …, | formal greeting, male |
| Guten Tag Frau / Herr …, | Good day Ms / Mr …, | slightly less formal |
| Liebe …, | Dear … (female) | informal, personal |
| Lieber …, | Dear … (male) | informal, personal |
| Hallo …, | Hello … | informal, very common |
| Mit freundlichen Grüßen | Kind regards / Sincerely | standard formal closing |
| Freundliche Grüße | Kind regards | formal to semi-formal |
| Liebe Grüße | Kind regards / Lots of love | informal |
| Viele Grüße | Best regards | informal to semi-formal |
| der Anhang | attachment | plural: die Anhänge |
| anbei | attached, enclosed | used in emails and letters |
| sich erkundigen (nach) | to ask about, to inquire (about) | reflexive verb |
| sich bewerben (um) | to apply (for) | reflexive verb |
| sich bedanken (für) | to say thank you (for) | reflexive verb |
| die Anfrage | inquiry, request | formal noun |
| die Unterlagen | documents, papers | usually plural |
| der Lebenslauf | CV, résumé | |
| im Voraus | in advance | often with "danken" |
| sich freuen auf | to look forward to | separable verb with preposition |
| antworten | to answer | dative object: jemandem antworten |
| der Absender | sender | on letters and parcels |
| der Empfänger | recipient | |
| die Unterschrift | signature | |
| der Anhang, im Anhang | attachment, in the attachment | in emails |
| das Formular | form | |
| höflich | polite | adjective |
| formell | formal | adjective |
| informell | informal | adjective |
| der Anlass | reason, occasion | for writing |