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6.7.1 Moral dilemmas

Understanding Moral Dilemmas in German Discourse

What a “moral dilemma” is in advanced German use

In high‑level German, a moral dilemma is typically described as a situation in which all available options violate some important norm, value, or duty, so that any decision appears morally problematic. You will often see formulations that highlight conflict, impossibility of full compliance, and unavoidable guilt.

Typical German formulations include:

Key communication goal at C2:
When discussing moral dilemmas in German, you must
1) name the conflicting values or duties clearly,
2) show why every option is problematic, and
3) justify a choice with nuanced, logically structured reasoning.

In debates, academic texts, or sophisticated media, moral dilemmas are often used to test consistency of principles, to criticize policies, or to explore social and global conflicts.

Typical structures for presenting a dilemma

Framing the situation

To introduce a dilemma, German often uses patterns that foreground the conflict:

Useful complex patterns:

These structures help you shift from simple description to high‑level ethical reflection.

Naming conflicting values and duties

At C2 you should be able to name abstract values succinctly in German and put them in relation:

Useful sentence patterns:

Formula for presenting a dilemma:

  1. Describe the situation briefly.
  2. Name Value A and Value B.
  3. Show why Option 1 verletzt Value A, Option 2 verletzt Value B.
  4. Mark the Unvermeidbarkeit of moral cost.

Distinguishing everyday conflict from genuine moral dilemma

Advanced German texts are careful with the term „Dilemma“. It is not any hard choice, but one where moral norms genuinely clash.

You can signal this distinction:

Nuanced contrast:

Advanced patterns for arguing within dilemmas

Weighing and balancing (Abwägung)

German academic and public discourse about dilemmas often uses the idea of „Abwägung“:

Useful phrases to express weighing:

Principles first, then cases

In many German philosophical or political texts, argumentation proceeds from abstract principles to concrete cases:

You can structure your reasoning like this:

  1. „Unterstellt man, dass … ein unverzichtbares Prinzip ist, …“
  2. „Dann ist es schwer vertretbar, …“
  3. „Gleichzeitig darf man jedoch nicht übersehen, dass …“

This allows you to shift between normative frameworks without confusing the reader.

Acknowledging moral remainder

Sophisticated German reasoning often points out that no solution fully resolves the dilemma:

In C2‑level German, it is important to
acknowledge residual guilt or moral loss explicitly:
„Es bleibt ein unvermeidlicher moralischer Restkonflikt.“

Typical thematic fields for moral dilemmas in German

Medicine and life decisions

German debates frequently discuss dilemmas in medicine, using highly specific vocabulary:

Phrases:

Security, surveillance, and freedom

Public German discourse often frames security policies as moral dilemmas:

Typical formulations:

Environment and intergenerational justice

German debates on climate and sustainability use the language of moral obligation across generations:

Useful patterns:

Global justice and distribution

Moral dilemmas are also discussed in terms of global distribution:

Representative structures:

Language for uncertainty, doubt, and self‑reflection

At C2, you should be able to display moral self‑doubt and reflection in elegant German. This is essential when talking about dilemmas.

Phrases expressing uncertainty:

Self‑critical reflection:

In sophisticated ethical discourse,
mark your own fallibility and potential bias explicitly to show moral and intellectual honesty.

Challenging and problematizing positions

In German debates on moral dilemmas, it is not enough to present a position. You are expected to problematize it in nuanced language.

Useful formulations:

This language lets you probe and test arguments without simply rejecting them.

Typical argumentative moves in German ethical discourse

Some recurring moves you will see, and can use, in C2‑level texts:

  1. Appeal to consistency
    „Wer in Fall A X behauptet, muss aus Konsistenzgründen auch in Fall B … akzeptieren.“
  2. Distinction between ideal and non‑ideal world
    „In einer idealen Welt wäre …, aber in realen Konfliktlagen stellt sich die Frage, ob …“
  3. Distinguishing responsibility and guilt
    „Moralische Verantwortung und rechtliche Schuld fallen hier nicht notwendigerweise zusammen.“
  4. Role of intentions vs consequences
    „Die guten Absichten ändern nichts an den problematischen Folgen.“
    oder
    „Trotz der negativen Folgen bleibt das Handeln aus Sicht der Absichten vertretbar.“

Rhetorical questions and thought experiments

Moral dilemmas are often explored with rhetorical questions and hypothetical scenarios.

Question types:

Thought experiment markers:

These devices push the discussion beyond the actual case to underlying principles.

Vocabulary list

German expressionEnglish meaning
das moralische Dilemmamoral dilemma
das ethische Dilemmaethical dilemma
die Gewissensentscheidungdecision of conscience
der Normenkonfliktconflict of norms
das Spannungsverhältnistension, state of tension
die Kollision von Wertenclash of values
die Güterabwägungweighing of competing goods
abwägento weigh, to balance
unvermeidlicher moralischer Restkonfliktunavoidable remaining moral conflict
auf Kosten vonat the expense of
etwas in Kauf nehmento accept something, to put up with something
das Prinzipprinciple
der Ansatz (ethischer Ansatz)approach (ethical approach)
deontologischdeontological
der Utilitarismusutilitarianism
die Menschenwürdehuman dignity
die Fürsorgepflichtduty of care
die Autonomieautonomy
die Triagetriage
die Freiheitsrechtecivil liberties, freedom rights
die Überwachungsurveillance
die Verantwortung gegenüber zukünftigen Generationenresponsibility towards future generations
die Klimagerechtigkeitclimate justice
die Verteilung knapper Ressourcendistribution of scarce resources
die strukturelle Ungerechtigkeitstructural injustice
die blinde Stelleblind spot
mit zweierlei Maß messento use double standards
die Fallibilitätfallibility
die Opferbereitschaftwillingness to make sacrifices
das Gedankenspielthought experiment
hin‑ und hergerissen seinto be torn (between options)
verwundbar (Argument, Position)vulnerable (argument, position)
der bitterer Beigeschmackbitter aftertaste, lingering discomfort
die Intuitionintuition
aus Konsistenzgründenfor reasons of consistency
die Absichtintention
die Folgenconsequences
die Schuld (rechtliche Schuld)guilt (legal guilt)
die moralische Verantwortungmoral responsibility

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