KAHIBARO
Table of Contents
Understanding phase
Phase tells us where a wave is within its repeating cycle at a particular place and time. A wave rises, reaches a maximum, falls, reaches a minimum, and then repeats. Phase is the quantity that identifies the exact stage of that repetition.
For a sinusoidal wave, phase is the angle inside the sine or cosine function. If a wave is written as
$$
y(x,t) = A \sin(kx - \omega t + \phi_0),
$$
then the phase is
$$
\theta = kx - \omega t + \phi_0.
$$
Here, $A$ is the amplitude, $k$ is the wave number, $\omega$ is the angular frequency, and $\phi_0$ is the initial phase or phase constant. The phase $\theta$ is measured in radians.
For a sinusoidal wave, the phase is the argument of the sine or cosine function.
$$
\theta = kx - \omega t + \phi_0
$$
Points on the wave that have the same phase are in the same stage of oscillation.
What phase means physically
If two points on a wave have the same phase, they are doing the same thing at that instant. They may both be at a crest, both crossing equilibrium upward, or both moving downward from the same displacement. If two points differ in phase, they are at different stages of motion.
For example, if one point is at a crest and another point is at a trough, their phase difference is $\pi$ radians, or $180^\circ$. If one point reaches its maximum one quarter of a cycle after another, their phase difference is $\frac{\pi}{2}$ radians, or $90^\circ$.
A full cycle corresponds to a phase change of
$$
2\pi \text{ radians} = 360^\circ.
$$
Phase and repetition
Because waves repeat, phase also repeats. Adding or subtracting $2\pi$ does not change the physical state of the wave. This means that phases $\theta$, $\theta + 2\pi$, and $\theta - 2\pi$ all describe the same point in the cycle.
This repeating nature is why phase is especially useful for comparing oscillations. Two oscillations may have different numerical phase values, but if those values differ by $2\pi$, the oscillations are effectively in the same state.
Phase is periodic.
$$
\theta \equiv \theta + 2\pi n
$$
where $n$ is any integer.
Initial phase
The constant $\phi_0$ sets the starting point of the wave at $x = 0$ and $t = 0$. It tells us how much the wave is shifted within its cycle compared with a standard sine or cosine wave.
If
$$
y(x,t) = A \sin(kx - \omega t),
$$
then the initial phase is zero. But if the wave is
$$
y(x,t) = A \sin(kx - \omega t + \frac{\pi}{2}),
$$
then the entire wave is shifted in phase by $\frac{\pi}{2}$.
Different choices of $\phi_0$ describe the same kind of wave, but starting at different stages of oscillation.
Phase difference
Often the most important idea is not the absolute phase, but the phase difference between two oscillations or between two points on the same wave.
If two oscillations have phases $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$, then their phase difference is
$$
\Delta \theta = \theta_2 - \theta_1.
$$
This tells us how far ahead or behind one oscillation is compared with the other.
The table below shows common phase differences.
| Phase difference | Degrees | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| $0$ | $0^\circ$ | In phase |
| $\frac{\pi}{2}$ | $90^\circ$ | Quarter cycle apart |
| $\pi$ | $180^\circ$ | Opposite phase |
| $\frac{3\pi}{2}$ | $270^\circ$ | Three quarters of a cycle apart |
| $2\pi$ | $360^\circ$ | Same phase again |
Two oscillations are in phase if their phase difference is
$$
\Delta \theta = 0 \quad \text{or any integer multiple of } 2\pi.
$$
They are in opposite phase if
$$
\Delta \theta = \pi.
$$
Phase difference from distance
For a wave at one instant in time, the phase difference between two positions depends on how far apart they are. Since phase contains the term $kx$, the phase difference due to separation $\Delta x$ is
$$
\Delta \theta = k \Delta x.
$$
Using
$$
k = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda},
$$
we get
$$
\Delta \theta = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\Delta x.
$$
So if two points are separated by one full wavelength, $\Delta x = \lambda$, their phase difference is $2\pi$, which means they are in phase.
If they are separated by half a wavelength, $\Delta x = \frac{\lambda}{2}$, their phase difference is $\pi$, so they are in opposite phase.
Phase difference from time
At one fixed position, the phase changes with time. Since phase contains the term $-\omega t$, the phase difference over a time interval $\Delta t$ is
$$
\Delta \theta = -\omega \Delta t.
$$
The negative sign shows the direction of change for a wave written as $kx - \omega t$. If we are only interested in the size of the phase difference, we often use
$$
|\Delta \theta| = \omega \Delta t.
$$
Using
$$
\omega = \frac{2\pi}{T},
$$
we get
$$
|\Delta \theta| = \frac{2\pi}{T}\Delta t.
$$
So after one full period, $\Delta t = T$, the phase changes by $2\pi$.
In phase and out of phase
When two points or two waves are in phase, they reach maxima, minima, and equilibrium at the same times. When they are out of phase, they do not.
This idea is central in wave behavior because phase controls how waves combine. The details of interference belong elsewhere, but the key point here is simple. Whether waves reinforce or oppose one another depends on their phase difference.
Visual picture of phase
A sinusoidal wave can be understood as a repeating circular angle. As the angle increases, the sine or cosine value traces out the oscillation. This is why phase is measured in radians and treated like an angle.
In this picture, points separated by one wavelength have the same phase. Points separated by half a wavelength differ by $\pi$.
Phase shift between two waves
Suppose two waves have the same amplitude, wavelength, and frequency, but different phase constants:
$$
y_1(x,t) = A \sin(kx - \omega t),
$$
$$
y_2(x,t) = A \sin(kx - \omega t + \phi).
$$
Then $\phi$ is the phase shift between them. If $\phi > 0$, one wave is shifted relative to the other within the cycle. The value of $\phi$ determines whether crests line up with crests, troughs, or intermediate points.
Useful relationships
Phase connects directly to distance along the wave and time during the oscillation. These relationships are often the quickest way to solve simple problems.
| Situation | Formula | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Phase of a wave | $\theta = kx - \omega t + \phi_0$ | ||
| Phase difference from distance | $\Delta \theta = k\Delta x = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\Delta x$ | ||
| Phase difference from time | $ | \Delta \theta | = \omega \Delta t = \frac{2\pi}{T}\Delta t$ |
| One full cycle | $2\pi$ radians | ||
| Same phase condition | $\Delta \theta = 2\pi n$ |
Important wave phase formulas:
$$
\theta = kx - \omega t + \phi_0
$$
$$
\Delta \theta = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\Delta x
$$
$$
|\Delta \theta| = \frac{2\pi}{T}\Delta t
$$
Final idea
Phase is the language used to compare repeating motion. It tells us exactly where a wave is in its cycle, allows us to compare different points and different waves, and provides the basis for understanding how waves line up or fail to line up. Once phase is known, the timing and pattern of oscillation become much easier to describe mathematically.