9 Databases

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Where to Move

Move chapter:

• ☰ 1 Introduction to Backend Development
  • ☰ 1.1 What Is Backend Development?
  • ☰ 1.2 Frontend vs Backend
  • ☰ 1.3 How Web Applications Work
  • ☰ 1.4 Client-Server Architecture
  • ☰ 1.5 Request-Response Cycle
  • ☰ 1.6 Static vs Dynamic Websites
  • ☰ 1.7 Backend Developer Responsibilities
  • ☰ 1.8 Backend Development Roadmap
• ☰ 2 How the Web Works
  • ☰ 2.1 The Internet and the Web
  • ☰ 2.2 IP Addresses
  • ☰ 2.3 Domain Names
  • ☰ 2.4 DNS
  • ☰ 2.5 Ports
  • ☰ 2.6 TCP/IP Basics
  • ☰ 2.7 HTTP and HTTPS
  • ☰ 2.8 HTTP Requests
  • ☰ 2.9 HTTP Responses
  • ☰ 2.10 HTTP Methods
  • ☰ 2.11 HTTP Status Codes
  • ☰ 2.12 HTTP Headers
  • ☰ 2.13 Cookies
  • ☰ 2.14 Sessions
  • ☰ 2.15 What Happens When You Enter a URL?
• ☰ 3 Development Environment
  • ☰ 3.1 Choosing an Operating System
  • ☰ 3.2 Linux Basics for Backend Developers
  • ☰ 3.3 Command Line Basics
  • ☰ 3.4 Environment Variables
  • ☰ 3.5 Installing Development Tools
  • ☰ 3.6 Code Editors and IDEs
  • ☰ 3.7 Git
  • ☰ 3.8 GitHub and GitLab
  • ☰ 3.9 Creating Your First Repository
  • ☰ 3.10 Branches and Commits
  • ☰ 3.11 Basic Git Workflow
• ☰ 4 Programming Fundamentals
  • ☰ 4.1 Variables and Data Types
  • ☰ 4.2 Operators
  • ☰ 4.3 Conditions
  • ☰ 4.4 Loops
  • ☰ 4.5 Functions
  • ☰ 4.6 Data Structures
  • ☰ 4.7 Error Handling
  • ☰ 4.8 Modules and Packages
  • ☰ 4.9 File Handling
  • ☰ 4.10 Object-Oriented Programming
  • ☰ 4.11 Classes and Objects
  • ☰ 4.12 Inheritance and Composition
  • ☰ 4.13 Clean Code Principles
• ☰ 5 Python for Backend Development
  • ☰ 5.1 Introduction to Python
  • ☰ 5.2 Installing Python
  • ☰ 5.3 Virtual Environments
  • ☰ 5.4 pip and Package Management
  • ☰ 5.5 Python Project Structure
  • ☰ 5.6 Functions and Type Hints
  • ☰ 5.7 Classes and Dataclasses
  • ☰ 5.8 Exceptions
  • ☰ 5.9 Working with Files
    • ☰ 5.9.1 File Downloads
    • ☰ 5.9.2 File Validation
    • ☰ 5.9.3 Image Uploads
    • ☰ 5.9.4 Local File Storage
    • ☰ 5.9.5 Object Storage
    • ☰ 5.9.6 S3-Compatible Storage
    • ☰ 5.9.7 Presigned URLs
    • ☰ 5.9.8 Secure File Handling
  • ☰ 5.10 JSON
  • ☰ 5.11 Date and Time
  • ☰ 5.12 Logging
  • ☰ 5.13 Configuration
  • ☰ 5.14 Environment Variables
  • ☰ 5.15 Async Programming
  • ☰ 5.16 Python Backend Best Practices
• ☰ 6 Introduction to Web Backends
  • ☰ 6.1 Building a Simple Web Server
  • ☰ 6.2 Routing
  • ☰ 6.3 URL Parameters
  • ☰ 6.4 Query Parameters
  • ☰ 6.5 Request Bodies
  • ☰ 6.6 Form Data
  • ☰ 6.7 JSON Requests
  • ☰ 6.8 Returning Responses
  • ☰ 6.9 Templates
  • ☰ 6.10 Static Files
  • ☰ 6.11 Middleware
  • ☰ 6.12 Application Configuration
• ☰ 7 REST APIs
  • ☰ 7.1 What Is an API?
  • ☰ 7.2 What Is REST?
  • ☰ 7.3 Resources and Endpoints
  • ☰ 7.4 RESTful URL Design
  • ☰ 7.5 HTTP Methods in REST
  • ☰ 7.6 GET Requests
  • ☰ 7.7 POST Requests
  • ☰ 7.8 PUT Requests
  • ☰ 7.9 PATCH Requests
  • ☰ 7.10 DELETE Requests
  • ☰ 7.11 Request Validation
  • ☰ 7.12 Response Models
  • ☰ 7.13 HTTP Status Codes
  • ☰ 7.14 Error Responses
  • ☰ 7.15 Pagination
  • ☰ 7.16 Filtering
  • ☰ 7.17 Sorting
  • ☰ 7.18 Searching
  • ☰ 7.19 API Versioning
  • ☰ 7.20 API Documentation
  • ☰ 7.21 OpenAPI and Swagger
• ☰ 8 FastAPI
  • ☰ 8.1 Introduction to FastAPI
  • ☰ 8.2 Routes and Path Operations
  • ☰ 8.3 Path Parameters
  • ☰ 8.4 Pydantic Models
  • ☰ 8.5 Data Validation
  • ☰ 8.6 Dependency Injection
  • ☰ 8.7 Exception Handling
  • ☰ 8.8 Background Tasks
  • ☰ 8.9 File Uploads
  • ☰ 8.10 Async Endpoints
  • ☰ 8.11 FastAPI Project Structure
  • ☰ 8.12 Building a Complete REST API
• ☰ 9 Databases
  • ☰ 9.1 Introduction to Databases
  • ☰ 9.2 Relational vs NoSQL Databases
  • ☰ 9.3 Tables, Rows, and Columns
  • ☰ 9.4 Primary Keys
  • ☰ 9.5 Foreign Keys
  • ☰ 9.6 Relationships
  • ☰ 9.7 One-to-One Relationships
  • ☰ 9.8 One-to-Many Relationships
  • ☰ 9.9 Many-to-Many Relationships
  • ☰ 9.10 Database Schema Design
  • ☰ 9.11 Normalization
  • ☰ 9.12 Indexes
  • ☰ 9.13 Transactions
  • ☰ 9.14 ACID Properties
• ☰ 10 SQL
  • ☰ 10.1 Introduction to SQL
  • ☰ 10.2 CREATE
  • ☰ 10.3 INSERT
  • ☰ 10.4 SELECT
  • ☰ 10.5 UPDATE
  • ☰ 10.6 DELETE
  • ☰ 10.7 WHERE
  • ☰ 10.8 ORDER BY
  • ☰ 10.9 GROUP BY
  • ☰ 10.10 Aggregate Functions
  • ☰ 10.11 JOINs
  • ☰ 10.12 Subqueries
  • ☰ 10.13 Constraints
  • ☰ 10.14 Indexes
  • ☰ 10.15 Transactions
  • ☰ 10.16 Common Table Expressions
  • ☰ 10.17 SQL Performance Basics
• ☰ 11 PostgreSQL
  • ☰ 11.1 Introduction to PostgreSQL
  • ☰ 11.2 Installing PostgreSQL
  • ☰ 11.3 Creating Databases
  • ☰ 11.4 Users and Roles
  • ☰ 11.5 Permissions
  • ☰ 11.6 PostgreSQL Data Types
  • ☰ 11.7 Constraints
  • ☰ 11.8 Indexes
  • ☰ 11.9 Transactions
  • ☰ 11.10 JSON Data
  • ☰ 11.11 Backup and Restore
  • ☰ 11.12 PostgreSQL Performance Basics
• ☰ 12 ORM and Database Integration
  • ☰ 12.1 What Is an ORM?
  • ☰ 12.2 SQLAlchemy
  • ☰ 12.3 Models
  • ☰ 12.4 Database Sessions
  • ☰ 12.5 Creating Records
  • ☰ 12.6 Reading Records
  • ☰ 12.7 Updating Records
  • ☰ 12.8 Deleting Records
  • ☰ 12.9 Relationships
  • ☰ 12.10 Queries
  • ☰ 12.11 Transactions
  • ☰ 12.12 Connection Pooling
  • ☰ 12.13 Database Migrations
  • ☰ 12.14 Alembic
  • ☰ 12.15 Repository Pattern
• ☰ 13 Authentication
  • ☰ 13.1 Authentication vs Authorization
  • ☰ 13.2 Password Storage
  • ☰ 13.3 Password Hashing
  • ☰ 13.4 Registration
  • ☰ 13.5 Login
  • ☰ 13.6 Tokens
  • ☰ 13.7 JSON Web Tokens
  • ☰ 13.8 Access Tokens
  • ☰ 13.9 Refresh Tokens
  • ☰ 13.10 OAuth 2.0
  • ☰ 13.11 OpenID Connect
  • ☰ 13.12 Social Login
  • ☰ 13.13 Logout
  • ☰ 13.14 Password Reset
  • ☰ 13.15 Email Verification
  • ☰ 13.16 Multi-Factor Authentication
• ☰ 14 Authorization
  • ☰ 14.1 Users and Permissions
  • ☰ 14.2 Role-Based Access Control
  • ☰ 14.3 Permission-Based Access Control
  • ☰ 14.4 Protecting API Endpoints
  • ☰ 14.5 Admin Permissions
  • ☰ 14.6 Resource Ownership
  • ☰ 14.7 Authorization Best Practices
• ☰ 15 Backend Security
  • ☰ 15.1 Introduction to Web Security
  • ☰ 15.2 HTTPS and TLS
  • ☰ 15.3 SQL Injection
  • ☰ 15.4 Cross-Site Scripting
  • ☰ 15.5 Cross-Site Request Forgery
  • ☰ 15.6 CORS
  • ☰ 15.7 Authentication Attacks
  • ☰ 15.8 Brute-Force Protection
  • ☰ 15.9 Rate Limiting
  • ☰ 15.10 Input Validation
  • ☰ 15.11 Secure Password Storage
  • ☰ 15.12 Secrets Management
  • ☰ 15.13 Secure Cookies
  • ☰ 15.14 Security Headers
  • ☰ 15.15 File Upload Security
  • ☰ 15.16 Dependency Vulnerabilities
  • ☰ 15.17 OWASP Top 10
• ☰ 16 Caching
  • ☰ 16.1 Why Caching Matters
  • ☰ 16.2 Application Caching
  • ☰ 16.3 Redis
    • ☰ 16.3.1 Introduction to Redis
    • ☰ 16.3.2 Installing Redis
    • ☰ 16.3.3 Keys and Values
    • ☰ 16.3.4 Expiration
    • ☰ 16.3.5 Distributed Locks
  • ☰ 16.4 Cache Keys
  • ☰ 16.5 Cache Invalidation
  • ☰ 16.6 Caching Database Queries
  • ☰ 16.7 Distributed Caching
• ☰ 17 Background Processing
  • ☰ 17.1 Synchronous vs Asynchronous Tasks
  • ☰ 17.2 Background Jobs
  • ☰ 17.3 Message Queues
  • ☰ 17.4 Celery
  • ☰ 17.5 Redis as a Message Broker
  • ☰ 17.6 Scheduled Tasks
  • ☰ 17.7 Retry Strategies
  • ☰ 17.8 Handling Failed Jobs
  • ☰ 17.9 Email Jobs
  • ☰ 17.10 Long-Running Tasks
• ☰ 18 Email
  • ☰ 18.1 How Email Works
  • ☰ 18.2 SMTP
  • ☰ 18.3 Sending Emails
  • ☰ 18.4 HTML Emails
  • ☰ 18.5 Transactional Emails
  • ☰ 18.6 Password Reset Emails
  • ☰ 18.7 Background Email Delivery
  • ☰ 18.8 Email Delivery Best Practices
• ☰ 19 Testing
  • ☰ 19.1 Why Backend Testing Matters
  • ☰ 19.2 Unit Testing
  • ☰ 19.3 Integration Testing
  • ☰ 19.4 API Testing
  • ☰ 19.5 pytest
  • ☰ 19.6 Fixtures
  • ☰ 19.7 Mocking
  • ☰ 19.8 Testing Databases
  • ☰ 19.9 Testing Authentication
  • ☰ 19.10 Testing FastAPI
  • ☰ 19.11 Test Coverage
  • ☰ 19.12 Automated Testing
• ☰ 20 Logging and Monitoring
  • ☰ 20.1 Application Logging
  • ☰ 20.2 Log Levels
  • ☰ 20.3 Structured Logging
  • ☰ 20.4 Request Logging
  • ☰ 20.5 Error Logging
  • ☰ 20.6 Metrics
  • ☰ 20.7 Health Checks
  • ☰ 20.8 Monitoring
  • ☰ 20.9 Prometheus
  • ☰ 20.10 Grafana
  • ☰ 20.11 Alerting
  • ☰ 20.12 Error Tracking
  • ☰ 20.13 Observability Basics
• ☰ 21 Docker
  • ☰ 21.1 Introduction to Containers
  • ☰ 21.2 Docker Architecture
  • ☰ 21.3 Images
  • ☰ 21.4 Containers
  • ☰ 21.5 Dockerfiles
  • ☰ 21.6 Building Images
  • ☰ 21.7 Running Containers
  • ☰ 21.8 Volumes
  • ☰ 21.9 Networks
  • ☰ 21.10 Docker Compose
  • ☰ 21.11 FastAPI with Docker
  • ☰ 21.12 PostgreSQL with Docker
  • ☰ 21.13 Redis with Docker
  • ☰ 21.14 Multi-Container Applications
  • ☰ 21.15 Production Docker Best Practices
• ☰ 22 Web Servers and Reverse Proxies
  • ☰ 22.1 Application Servers
  • ☰ 22.2 Uvicorn
  • ☰ 22.3 Gunicorn
  • ☰ 22.4 Reverse Proxies
  • ☰ 22.5 Nginx
  • ☰ 22.6 Traefik
  • ☰ 22.7 HTTPS
  • ☰ 22.8 TLS Certificates
  • ☰ 22.9 Let's Encrypt
  • ☰ 22.10 Load Balancing
• ☰ 23 Deployment
  • ☰ 23.1 Development vs Production
  • ☰ 23.2 Preparing an Application for Production
  • ☰ 23.3 Linux Server Setup
  • ☰ 23.4 Deploying with Docker
  • ☰ 23.5 Environment Configuration
  • ☰ 23.6 Managing Secrets
  • ☰ 23.7 HTTPS Configuration
  • ☰ 23.8 Production Logging
  • ☰ 23.9 Backups
  • ☰ 23.10 Zero-Downtime Deployment
  • ☰ 23.11 Rollbacks
• ☰ 24 CI/CD
  • ☰ 24.1 Introduction to CI/CD
  • ☰ 24.2 Continuous Integration
  • ☰ 24.3 Continuous Delivery
  • ☰ 24.4 Continuous Deployment
  • ☰ 24.5 CI/CD Pipelines
  • ☰ 24.6 GitHub Actions
  • ☰ 24.7 GitLab CI/CD
  • ☰ 24.8 Building Docker Images
  • ☰ 24.9 Container Registries
  • ☰ 24.10 Deployment Pipelines
  • ☰ 24.11 Staging Environments
  • ☰ 24.12 Production Environments
  • ☰ 24.13 Rollback Strategies
• ☰ 25 Backend Architecture
  • ☰ 25.1 Monolithic Architecture
  • ☰ 25.2 Modular Monoliths
  • ☰ 25.3 Microservices
  • ☰ 25.4 Layered Architecture
  • ☰ 25.5 Service Layer
  • ☰ 25.6 Separation of Concerns
  • ☰ 25.7 Domain-Driven Design Basics
  • ☰ 25.8 Event-Driven Architecture
  • ☰ 25.9 Choosing an Architecture
• ☰ 26 Performance and Scalability
  • ☰ 26.1 Understanding Backend Performance
  • ☰ 26.2 CPU-Bound vs I/O-Bound Work
  • ☰ 26.3 Asynchronous Programming
  • ☰ 26.4 Database Optimization
  • ☰ 26.5 Query Optimization
  • ☰ 26.6 Indexing
  • ☰ 26.7 Load Balancing
  • ☰ 26.8 Horizontal Scaling
  • ☰ 26.9 Vertical Scaling
  • ☰ 26.10 Stateless Applications
  • ☰ 26.11 Performance Testing
  • ☰ 26.12 Load Testing
• ☰ 27 Advanced API Development
  • ☰ 27.1 WebSockets
  • ☰ 27.2 Server-Sent Events
  • ☰ 27.3 GraphQL
  • ☰ 27.4 Webhooks
  • ☰ 27.5 Idempotency
  • ☰ 27.6 API Rate Limiting
  • ☰ 27.7 API Keys
  • ☰ 27.8 API Gateways
  • ☰ 27.9 Distributed APIs
  • ☰ 27.10 Real-Time Applications
• ☰ 28 Production Backend Engineering
  • ☰ 28.1 Configuration Management
  • ☰ 28.2 Database Backups
  • ☰ 28.3 Disaster Recovery
  • ☰ 28.4 Graceful Shutdown
  • ☰ 28.5 Fault Tolerance
  • ☰ 28.6 Circuit Breakers
  • ☰ 28.7 High Availability
  • ☰ 28.8 Monitoring Production Systems
  • ☰ 28.9 Incident Response
• ☰ 29 Project 1: Task Management API
  • ☰ 29.1 Project Requirements
  • ☰ 29.2 Project Structure
  • ☰ 29.3 Database Design
  • ☰ 29.4 CRUD Operations
  • ☰ 29.5 Validation
• ☰ 30 Project 2: Authentication System
  • ☰ 30.1 User Registration
  • ☰ 30.2 JWT Authentication
  • ☰ 30.3 Role-Based Authorization
  • ☰ 30.4 Security Testing
• ☰ 31 Project 3: E-Commerce Backend
  • ☰ 31.1 Architecture
  • ☰ 31.2 User Management
  • ☰ 31.3 Product Management
  • ☰ 31.4 Categories
  • ☰ 31.5 Shopping Cart
  • ☰ 31.6 Orders
  • ☰ 31.7 Inventory
  • ☰ 31.8 Payments
  • ☰ 31.9 Admin API
• ☰ 32 Final Project: Production Backend
  • ☰ 32.1 Planning the Application
  • ☰ 32.2 Designing the Architecture
  • ☰ 32.3 Designing the Database
  • ☰ 32.4 Building the REST API
  • ☰ 32.5 Authentication and Authorization
  • ☰ 32.6 PostgreSQL Integration
  • ☰ 32.7 Redis Integration
  • ☰ 32.8 Background Workers
  • ☰ 32.9 File Storage
  • ☰ 32.10 Dockerizing the Application
  • ☰ 32.11 CI/CD Pipeline
  • ☰ 32.12 Production Deployment
  • ☰ 32.13 HTTPS and Domain Setup
  • ☰ 32.14 Performance Optimization
  • ☰ 32.15 Security Review
  • ☰ 32.16 Documentation
• ☰ 33 Backend Developer Roadmap
  • ☰ 33.1 What You Should Know Now
  • ☰ 33.2 Building a Portfolio
  • ☰ 33.3 Creating Backend Projects
  • ☰ 33.4 Contributing to Open Source
  • ☰ 33.5 Preparing for Backend Interviews
  • ☰ 33.6 Backend Interview Questions
  • ☰ 33.7 Database Interview Questions
  • ☰ 33.8 API Interview Questions
  • ☰ 33.9 Linux and Docker Interview Questions
  • ☰ 33.10 Where to Go Next