Table of Contents
Overview
In this chapter you learn how to support your ideas and how to refute or challenge other ideas in Persian at an upper intermediate level. You will focus on typical structures that introduce reasons, evidence, examples, concessions, and objections, and you will see how these are used in short spoken and written arguments.
You already know basic connectors and reasons from earlier levels. Here you will deepen that knowledge and move toward more structured argumentation in Persian.
Stating a Claim Clearly
Before you can support or refute an idea, you need to state a clear claim. In Persian, claims in semi-formal or written style often use structures like “in my opinion” or “it seems that.”
Common ways to introduce a claim or thesis are:
این نظر من است که
in nazar‑e man ast ke
This is my opinion that …
به عقیدهی من
be aqide‑ye man
In my opinion
به نظر من
be nazar‑e man
In my view
بهطور کلی میتوان گفت که
be‑towr‑e kolli mitavān goft ke
Generally, one can say that …
For example:
به نظر من آموزش رایگان حق همهی افراد جامعه است.
be nazar‑e man āmuzesh‑e rāygān haqq‑e hame‑ye afrād‑e jâmeʿe ast.
In my view, free education is the right of all members of society.
این نظر من است که رسانهها باید مستقل باشند.
in nazar‑e man ast ke resānehā bāyad mostaqel bāshand.
It is my opinion that the media must be independent.
These formulas help separate personal opinion from general statements, which is important in polite and semi-formal argumentation.
Important: To make a clear claim, use expressions like
«به نظر من», «به عقیدهی من», «بهطور کلی میتوان گفت که» before your main statement.
Giving Reasons and Justifications
To support an idea, you need to give reasons. You already know simple connectors like چون and برایِ اینکه. At B2 level you expand this set and use them more flexibly.
Very frequent reason connectors are:
چون / چونکه
chon / chon‑ke
because
زیرا / زیرا که
zirā / zirā ke
because, since (more formal)
به این دلیل که
be in dalil ke
for the reason that, because
بهخاطرِ اینکه
be‑khāter‑e in‑ke
because, due to the fact that
از آنجا که
az ānjā ke
since, given that (written or formal spoken)
Consider:
به عقیدهی من کتابخواندن خیلی مهم است، چون دیدِ انسان را وسیعتر میکند.
be aqide‑ye man ketāb‑khāndan kheili mohem ast, chon did‑e ensān rā vasīʿ‑tar mikonad.
In my opinion reading is very important, because it broadens a person’s perspective.
این طرح مفید است، زیرا باعث کاهش آلودگی هوا میشود.
in tarh mofid ast, zirā bāʿes‑e kāhesh‑e āludegi‑ye havā mishavad.
This plan is useful because it causes a reduction in air pollution.
A more explicit argumentative pattern uses “reason + این است که …”:
دلیلِ اصلیِ مخالفتِ من این است که بودجهی کافی وجود ندارد.
dalil‑e asli‑ye mokhālefāt‑e man in ast ke budje‑ye kāfi vojud nadārad.
The main reason for my opposition is that there is not enough budget.
Key patterns for reasons:
«چون / چونکه …»
«زیرا (که) …»
«به این دلیل که …»
«بهخاطرِ اینکه …»
«از آنجا که …»
Supporting Ideas with Examples and Evidence
Arguments become stronger when you support them with examples, data, or experiences. Persian has specific phrases to introduce examples and evidence.
Very common example markers:
برایِ مثال
barā‑ye mesāl
for example
مثلاً
masalan
for instance
به عنوانِ مثال
be onvān‑e mesāl
as an example
نمونهاش اینکه
nomune‑ash in‑ke
an example is that …
Example:
بسیاری از جوانها به شبکههای اجتماعی وابسته شدهاند. مثلاً هر روز چند ساعت در اینستاگرام هستند.
besiāri az javānhā be shabakehā‑ye ejtemāʿi vābaste shode‑and. masalan har ruz chand sāʿat dar Instagram hastand.
Many young people have become dependent on social networks. For instance, they spend several hours a day on Instagram.
To present “evidence” or “proof,” use:
مدرک
madrak
document, proof
شواهد
shavāhed
evidence
آمار
āmār
statistics
تحقیقات نشان میدهد که …
tahqiqāt neshān midahad ke …
Research shows that …
Accordingly:
آمار نشان میدهد که مصرفِ آب در شهرهای بزرگ بهسرعت در حال افزایش است.
āmār neshān midahad ke masraf‑e āb dar shahrhā‑ye bozorg be‑sorat dar hāl‑e afzāyesh ast.
Statistics show that water consumption in big cities is rapidly increasing.
برایِ این ادعا شواهدِ زیادی وجود دارد.
barā‑ye in eddā shavāhed‑e ziādi vojud dārad.
There is a lot of evidence for this claim.
To support your idea, combine:
Claim + Reason + Example / Evidence
For example: «به نظر من … چون … . برای مثال …»
Strengthening Your Position
Sometimes you want to emphasize that your argument is strong or widely supported.
Useful expressions:
قبل از هر چیز
qabl az har chiz
first of all
نکتهیِ مهم این است که …
nokte‑ye mohem in ast ke …
The important point is that …
از همه مهمتر این است که …
az hame mohem‑tar in ast ke …
Most importantly …
همهیِ اینها نشان میدهد که …
hame‑ye inhā neshān midahad ke …
All this shows that …
بههیچوجه نمیتوان انکار کرد که …
be‑hich‑vajh nemitavān enkār kard ke …
It cannot be denied in any way that …
For instance:
از همه مهمتر این است که این سیاست، اعتمادِ مردم را افزایش میدهد.
az hame mohem‑tar in ast ke in siāsat, etemād‑e mardom rā afzāyesh midahad.
Most importantly, this policy increases people’s trust.
همهیِ اینها نشان میدهد که باید در نظامِ آموزشی اصلاحاتِ جدی انجام شود.
hame‑ye inhā neshān midahad ke bāyad dar nezām‑e āmozeshī eslāhāt‑e jeddi anjām shavad.
All this shows that serious reforms must be made in the education system.
Introducing Counterarguments
To refute an idea, you usually start by explicitly mentioning or summarizing the other side. This is a useful rhetorical strategy, especially in more formal Persian.
Typical formulas for presenting another opinion:
عدهای معتقدند که …
edde‑i moʿtaqed‑and ke …
Some people believe that …
بعضیها فکر میکنند که …
baʿzihā fekr mikonand ke …
Some people think that …
دیدگاهِ رایج این است که …
didgāh‑e rāyej in ast ke …
The common view is that …
بسیاری بر این باورند که …
besiāri bar in bāvar‑and ke …
Many people are of the belief that …
For example:
بعضیها فکر میکنند که تلفنِ هوشمند زندگی را راحتتر کرده است.
baʿzihā fekr mikonand ke telefon‑e hushmand zendegi rā rāhattar karde ast.
Some people think that the smartphone has made life easier.
عدهای معتقدند که هنر، موضوعی کاملاً شخصی است.
edde‑i moʿtaqed‑and ke honar, mozūʿi kāmilan shakhsī ast.
Some people believe that art is a completely personal matter.
After that, you can agree partly or disagree and move toward refutation.
Disagreeing and Challenging Ideas
To refute ideas, you need phrases that introduce disagreement politely or firmly. You learned basic patterns for agreement and disagreement earlier; here, focus on more argumentative and formal wording.
Common expressions for disagreement:
با این نظر مخالفم.
bā in nazar mokhālef‑am.
I disagree with this opinion.
کاملاً با این دیدگاه مخالفم.
kāmilan bā in didgāh mokhālef‑am.
I completely disagree with this view.
تا حدی با این نظر مخالفم.
tā haddi bā in nazar mokhālef‑am.
I to some extent disagree with this opinion.
این طور فکر نمیکنم.
in tor fekr nemikonam.
I do not think so.
بههیچوجه قبول ندارم که …
be‑hich‑vajh ghabul nadāram ke …
I in no way accept that …
You can then add your reason:
با این نظر مخالفم، چون به واقعیتِ جامعه توجه نمیکند.
bā in nazar mokhālef‑am, chon be vāqeʿiyat‑e jâmeʿe tavajoh nemikonad.
I disagree with this opinion because it does not pay attention to the reality of society.
بههیچوجه قبول ندارم که پول تنها معیارِ موفقیت است.
be‑hich‑vajh ghabul nadāram ke pul tanhā meʿyār‑e movaffaqiyat ast.
I in no way accept that money is the only criterion of success.
Structure for refuting:
- Mention the other view: «بعضیها فکر میکنند که …»
- Express disagreement: «با این نظر مخالفم …»
- Give your reason: «چون … / زیرا …»
Conceding Partially, Then Refuting
Stronger arguments often accept part of the opposing idea, then show its limits. In Persian, you can use “although,” “of course,” or “on the one hand … on the other hand” structures.
Useful concessive phrases:
البته
albate
of course, admittedly
درسته که … اما …
doroste ke … ammā …
It is true that … but …
گرچه … اما …
garche … ammā …
Although … but …
با اینکه … ولی …
bā in‑ke … vali …
Even though … yet …
از یک طرف … از طرفِ دیگر …
az yek taraf … az taraf‑e digar …
On one hand … on the other hand …
For example:
درسته که تکنولوژی کارها را سریعتر کرده، اما مشکلاتِ جدیدی هم ایجاد کرده است.
doroste ke teknologi kārhā rā sariʿ‑tar karde, ammā moshkelāt‑e jadidi ham ijād karde ast.
It is true that technology has made things faster, but it has also created new problems.
با اینکه این طرح جذاب به نظر میرسد، ولی در عمل هزینههایِ زیادی دارد.
bā in‑ke in tarh jazāb be nazar miresad, vali dar amal hazinehā‑ye ziādi dārad.
Although this plan seems attractive, in practice it has many costs.
از یک طرف شبکههای اجتماعی اطلاعات را سریع منتقل میکنند، از طرفِ دیگر حریمِ خصوصی را تهدید میکنند.
az yek taraf shabakehā‑ye ejtemāʿi etelāʿāt rā sariʿ montaghel mikonand, az taraf‑e digar harim‑e khosusi rā tahdid mikonand.
On one hand social networks transmit information quickly, on the other hand they threaten privacy.
These structures are very typical when you both support and refute aspects of an idea.
Pointing Out Problems, Weaknesses, and Limits
To refute or weaken an argument, you can focus on its problems or limitations.
Useful words and patterns:
مشکلِ اصلی این است که …
moshkel‑e asli in ast ke …
The main problem is that …
عیبِ این نظر این است که …
eyb‑e in nazar in ast ke …
The flaw of this opinion is that …
نقطهضعفِ این استدلال این است که …
noghte‑zaʿf‑e in estedlāl in ast ke …
The weak point of this argument is that …
این دیدگاه چند تا محدودیت دارد.
in didgāh chand tā mahdudiyat dārad.
This view has several limitations.
مثلاً:
مشکلِ اصلی این طرح این است که گروههایِ کمدرآمد را نادیده میگیرد.
moshkel‑e asli in tarh in ast ke goruhhā‑ye kam‑dāramad rā nādide migirad.
The main problem of this plan is that it ignores low income groups.
نقطهضعفِ این استدلال این است که فقط به جنبهیِ اقتصادی توجه میکند.
noghte‑zaʿf‑e in estedlāl in ast ke faqat be janbe‑ye eqtesādi tavajoh mikonad.
The weak point of this argument is that it pays attention only to the economic aspect.
By naming a “main problem” or “weak point,” you refocus the discussion on what you see as decisive.
Comparing Competing Ideas
Sometimes you refute an idea indirectly by showing that an alternative is better. Here comparative structures become useful, along with “instead of” and “rather than.”
Common patterns:
در مقایسه با …
dar moqāyese bā …
in comparison with …
بهمراتب بهتر از …
be‑marāteb behtar az …
far better than …
بهجایِ اینکه … بهتر است …
be‑jāy‑e in‑ke … behtar ast …
Instead of … it is better to …
ترجیح میدهم بهجایِ اینکه …
tarjih midaham be‑jāy‑e in‑ke …
I prefer that instead of …
For example:
بهجایِ اینکه بودجه را صرفِ تبلیغات کنیم، بهتر است آن را در آموزشِ عمومی سرمایهگذاری کنیم.
be‑jāy‑e in‑ke budje rā sarf‑e tablighāt konim, behtar ast ān rā dar āmozesh‑e omumi sarmāye‑gozāri konim.
Instead of spending the budget on advertising, it is better to invest it in public education.
این پیشنهاد در مقایسه با پیشنهادِ قبلی، عملیتر و ارزانتر است.
in pishnehād dar moqāyese bā pishnehād‑e qabli, amalitar va arzāntar ast.
This proposal, in comparison with the previous one, is more practical and cheaper.
Here you implicitly show that one idea is less convincing than another.
Summarizing Your Support or Refutation
At the end of your argument, you need to summarize and restate your main position. Persian uses typical phrases to signal this conclusion.
Conclusion markers:
در مجموع
dar majmuʿ
overall
در نتیجه
dar natije
as a result
بنابراین
banābar‑in
therefore
بهطور خلاصه
be‑towr‑e kholāse
in summary
در نهایت
dar nahāyat
in the end, ultimately
For example:
در مجموع، به نظر من فوایدِ این طرح از ضررهایِ آن بیشتر است.
dar majmuʿ, be nazar‑e man favāyed‑e in tarh az zararhā‑ye ān bishtar ast.
Overall, in my view the benefits of this plan are greater than its harms.
در نتیجه، با این سیاستِ جدید کاملاً مخالفم.
dar natije, bā in siāsat‑e jadid kāmilan mokhālef‑am.
As a result, I completely disagree with this new policy.
بنابراین میتوان گفت که آموزشِ رایگان برایِ جامعه ضروری است.
banābar‑in mitavān goft ke āmozesh‑e rāygān barā‑ye jâmeʿe zaruri ast.
Therefore one can say that free education is necessary for society.
Use conclusion markers like «در مجموع», «در نتیجه», «بنابراین» when you finish supporting or refuting ideas and want to restate your main point.
Short Model Argument
Here is a compact example that includes supporting and refuting moves. Notice the flow: present opposing view, concede partly, refute, then conclude.
بعضیها فکر میکنند که کار از خانه همیشه بهتر از کار در اداره است.
با اینکه این نظر تا حدی درسته، چون وقتِ رفتوآمد تلف نمیشود، اما نکاتِ منفیِ زیادی هم دارد.
برایِ مثال، ارتباطِ اجتماعیِ افراد کمتر میشود و همکاریِ گروهی سختتر میشود.
از طرفِ دیگر، در خانه حواسپرتی بیشتر است و تمرکز سختتر میشود.
در مجموع، به نظرِ من کار از خانه برایِ بعضی شغلها خوب است، اما بههیچوجه نمیتوان گفت که همیشه بهترین گزینه است.
baʿzihā fekr mikonand ke kār az khāne hamishe behtar az kār dar edāre ast.
bā in‑ke in nazar tā haddi doroste, chon vaght‑e raft‑o‑āmad talaf nemishavad, ammā nokāte‑ye manfi‑ye ziādi ham dārad.
barā‑ye mesāl, ertebāt‑e ejtemāʿi‑ye afrād kamtar mishavad va hamkāri‑ye goruhi sakht‑tar mishavad.
az taraf‑e digar, dar khāne havās‑parti bish‑tar ast va tamarkoz sakht‑tar mishavad.
dar majmuʿ, be nazar‑e man kār az khāne barā‑ye baʿzi shoghlhā khub ast, ammā be‑hich‑vajh nemitavān goft ke hamishe behtarin gozine ast.
Vocabulary Table
| Persian | Transliteration | Part of Speech | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| نظر | nazar | noun | opinion, view |
| عقیده | aqide | noun | belief, opinion |
| به نظر من | be nazar‑e man | phrase | in my view |
| به عقیدهی من | be aqide‑ye man | phrase | in my opinion |
| بهطور کلی | be‑towr‑e kolli | phrase | generally |
| میتوان گفت که | mitavān goft ke | phrase | one can say that |
| دلیل | dalil | noun | reason |
| به این دلیل که | be in dalil ke | phrase | for the reason that, because |
| بهخاطرِ اینکه | be‑khāter‑e in‑ke | phrase | because, due to the fact that |
| چون | chon | conjunction | because |
| چونکه | chon‑ke | conjunction | because |
| زیرا | zirā | conjunction | because, since |
| از آنجا که | az ānjā ke | conjunction | since, given that |
| استدلال | estedlāl | noun | argument, reasoning |
| مدرک | madrak | noun | document, proof |
| شواهد | shavāhed | noun | evidence |
| آمار | āmār | noun | statistics |
| تحقیق / تحقیقات | tahqiq / tahqiqāt | noun | research |
| نشان میدهد | neshān midahad | verb phrase | shows |
| برایِ مثال | barā‑ye mesāl | phrase | for example |
| مثلاً | masalan | adverb | for instance |
| به عنوانِ مثال | be onvān‑e mesāl | phrase | as an example |
| نمونهاش اینکه | nomune‑ash in‑ke | phrase | an example is that |
| قبل از هر چیز | qabl az har chiz | phrase | first of all |
| نکتهی مهم | nokte‑ye mohem | phrase | important point |
| از همه مهمتر | az hame mohem‑tar | phrase | most importantly |
| انکار کردن | enkār kardan | verb | to deny |
| بههیچوجه | be‑hich‑vajh | adverb | in no way |
| عدهای | edde‑i | noun (indef.) | some (people), a group |
| بعضیها | baʿzihā | pronoun | some people |
| دیدگاهِ رایج | didgāh‑e rāyej | phrase | common view |
| بر این باور بودن | bar in bāvar budan | verb phrase | to hold this belief |
| با این نظر مخالفم | bā in nazar mokhālef‑am | sentence | I disagree with this opinion |
| کاملاً | kāmilan | adverb | completely |
| تا حدی | tā haddi | adverb | to some extent |
| قبول داشتن | ghabul dāshtan | verb | to accept |
| البتّه | albate | adverb | of course, admittedly |
| درسته که … اما … | doroste ke … ammā … | pattern | it is true that … but … |
| گرچه … اما … | garche … ammā … | pattern | although … but … |
| با اینکه … ولی … | bā in‑ke … vali … | pattern | even though … yet … |
| از یک طرف … از طرفِ دیگر … | az yek taraf … az taraf‑e digar … | pattern | on one hand … on the other hand … |
| مشکلِ اصلی | moshkel‑e asli | phrase | the main problem |
| عیب | eyb | noun | flaw, defect |
| نقطهضعف | noghte‑zaʿf | noun | weak point |
| محدودیت | mahdudiyat | noun | limitation |
| در مقایسه با | dar moqāyese bā | phrase | in comparison with |
| بهمراتب بهتر | be‑marāteb behtar | phrase | far better |
| بهجایِ اینکه | be‑jāy‑e in‑ke | conjunction | instead of (doing) |
| ترجیح دادن | tarjih dādan | verb | to prefer |
| در مجموع | dar majmuʿ | phrase | overall |
| در نتیجه | dar natije | phrase | as a result |
| بنابراین | banābar‑in | conjunction | therefore |
| بهطور خلاصه | be‑towr‑e kholāse | phrase | in summary |
| در نهایت | dar nahāyat | phrase | in the end, ultimately |
| طرح | tarh | noun | plan, project |
| سیاست | siāsat | noun | policy |
| فواید | favāyed | noun | benefits |
| ضررها | zararhā | noun | harms |
| گزینه | gozine | noun | option, choice |