Table of Contents
Linking Ideas with Conjunctive Adverbs
In this chapter you learn how to connect sentences and arguments in German with conjunctive adverbs. These small words are very common in spoken and written German and are essential when you want to justify your opinion, structure arguments, and make your texts and conversations sound more natural and logical.
What conjunctive adverbs are
Conjunctive adverbs (in German often called “Konjunktionaladverbien”) connect sentences or clauses and show the logical relationship between them. They work like bridges between thoughts: they do not simply add information, they show how the second sentence relates to the first.
Important: conjunctive adverbs are not conjunctions like “und”, “aber”, “weil”. They are adverbs that influence the word order and normally stand in the so‑called “Vorfeld” before the verb in a main clause.
In a main clause with a conjunctive adverb, the finite verb stays in second position:
Conjunctive adverb = position 1,
finite verb = position 2,
subject usually follows.
Example in a main clause pair:
Ich habe keine Zeit. Deshalb komme ich nicht.
Here “deshalb” is the conjunctive adverb, and “komme” is in second position.
Later in this chapter you will see variations where the subject starts and the adverb moves, but the core rule is that the finite verb remains in position 2.
Position and word order with conjunctive adverbs
The basic pattern for a new main clause that starts with a conjunctive adverb is:
Conjunctive adverb + finite verb + subject + rest
Example:
Es regnet. Deshalb bleibe ich heute zu Hause.
Deshalb bleibe ich heute zu Hause.
Table of structure:
| German sentence | Structure |
|---|---|
| Deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause. | Adv (1) + Verb (2) + Subject + Rest |
| Trotzdem gehe ich spazieren. | Adv (1) + Verb (2) + Subject + Rest |
| Außerdem habe ich viel zu tun. | Adv (1) + Verb (2) + Subject + Rest |
| Dann rufe ich dich an. | Adv (1) + Verb (2) + Subject + Rest |
You can also place the conjunctive adverb after the subject. The verb still stays in second position, and the adverb then comes in the “Mittelfeld”.
Example:
Ich bleibe deshalb zu Hause.
Wir fahren trotzdem in den Urlaub.
Both word orders are correct. At B1 level you should especially master the version where the conjunctive adverb starts the sentence, because that clearly shows the “bridge” between your thoughts and makes your argument structure easier to follow.
In a main clause with a conjunctive adverb:
- If the adverb is at the beginning:
Adverb = position 1, finite verb = position 2, subject after the verb. - If the subject is at the beginning:
Subject = position 1, finite verb = position 2, adverb comes later.
The finite verb must always stay in position 2.
Main types of conjunctive adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs express different logical relations. For expressing and justifying opinions, some groups are especially important: cause, consequence, contrast, addition, sequence, example and summarizing.
1. Cause and reason
These adverbs introduce a reason for what you say.
Very common items are:
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| deshalb | therefore, that is why |
| deswegen | because of that, that is why |
| daher | therefore, for that reason |
| darum | so, that is why |
Examples:
Ich habe morgen eine Prüfung. Deshalb lerne ich heute Abend.
Es ist sehr spät. Deswegen gehe ich jetzt nach Hause.
Die Miete ist hoch, daher suchen wir eine kleinere Wohnung.
Er hat viel Erfahrung, darum bekommt er den Job.
You often use these in argumentation when you present your opinion and then give a reason, or when you first give the reason and then the conclusion.
Compare:
Ich finde das Studium sehr anstrengend. Deshalb brauche ich mehr Pausen.
Here, “deshalb” connects your opinion with its justification.
2. Consequence and result
These adverbs show the result or consequence of what you said before. Some overlap with the group above, but stylistically they can sound a bit more formal or more logical.
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| folglich | consequently |
| infolgedessen | as a result, consequently |
| somit | thus, hence |
| demnach | accordingly, consequently |
These are frequent in more formal speech or writing, for example in reports, essays or structured arguments.
Examples:
Der Zug hatte eine Stunde Verspätung. Folglich kamen wir zu spät zur Sitzung.
Es gab wenig Nachfrage. Infolgedessen wurde das Produkt eingestellt.
Die Zahlen sind sehr positiv. Somit ist das Projekt ein Erfolg.
Der Test war sehr schwierig. Demnach sind viele Arbeiten schlecht ausgefallen.
For B1 level, “folglich” and “somit” are particularly useful when you want to sound a bit more structured and clear.
3. Contrast and concession
These adverbs show a contrast to what was said before. They are extremely common in discussions, debates and whenever you want to present a counterargument or a different perspective.
Important contrastive conjunctive adverbs:
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| aber | but (note: a conjunction, not an adverb) |
| jedoch | however, yet |
| allerdings | however, though |
| trotzdem | nevertheless, in spite of that |
| dennoch | nevertheless, nonetheless |
Even though “aber” is not a conjunctive adverb, you will often see it together with these forms. Do not confuse the functions.
Examples with “jedoch”, “allerdings” and “trotzdem”:
Ich habe wenig Geld. Trotzdem möchte ich reisen.
Der Film war sehr lang. Allerdings war er auch sehr spannend.
Er hat viel gearbeitet. Dennoch ist er mit dem Ergebnis unzufrieden.
Die Wohnung ist sehr schön. Sie ist jedoch zu teuer.
When you argue, these words help you to present two sides of a topic, to accept one point and then introduce a limitation or criticism.
Contrastive adverbs are especially useful when you want to politely disagree:
Ich verstehe Ihr Argument. Trotzdem bin ich anderer Meinung.
Die Idee ist interessant. Allerdings sehe ich ein Problem mit den Kosten.
4. Addition
These adverbs add information of similar value. They are important when you build your argument step by step.
Typical items:
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| außerdem | besides, in addition |
| zudem | moreover, in addition |
| darüber hinaus | moreover, beyond that |
| ferner | furthermore (more formal) |
Examples:
Die Mieten sind sehr hoch. Außerdem gibt es wenig Wohnungen.
Ich habe heute viel zu tun. Zudem muss ich noch einkaufen.
Das Produkt ist zu teuer. Darüber hinaus ist die Qualität nicht gut.
Die Firma hat wenig Umsatz. Ferner gibt es interne Probleme.
In conversations and simple texts “außerdem” is very common. “Zudem” and “darüber hinaus” sound a bit more formal and are useful in emails, essays and presentations.
Using addition adverbs helps you to show that your opinion is supported by several arguments:
Ich bin gegen das Projekt. Es ist zu teuer. Außerdem bringt es wenig Nutzen.
5. Sequence and time
These adverbs show temporal sequence and are often used to structure narratives or procedures, but they are also very helpful in argumentation when you present steps or points in order.
Frequent items:
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| dann | then, after that |
| danach | after that, afterwards |
| zuvor | before that, previously |
| vorher | before that, earlier |
| anschließend | afterwards, subsequently |
Examples:
Zuerst esse ich zu Mittag. Danach mache ich eine Pause.
Ich habe lange keinen Sport gemacht. Zuvor war ich sehr aktiv.
Wir besprechen das Projekt. Anschließend stimmen wir ab.
Ich erledige meine E-Mails. Dann rufe ich meine Kollegin an.
In argumentation you can also use them to show the order of your points:
Zuerst möchte ich über die Kosten sprechen. Danach komme ich zur Sicherheit.
6. Example and specification
These adverbs introduce an example or explain something more precisely. They are important when you want to support your opinion with concrete details.
Typical adverbs:
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| zum Beispiel | for example |
| beispielsweise | for example |
| nämlich | namely, you see, the reason is |
| genauer | more exactly |
Examples:
Viele Jugendliche lesen wenig. Zum Beispiel schauen sie lieber Serien.
Es gibt viele Probleme, beispielsweise mit der Infrastruktur.
Ich kann heute nicht kommen. Ich bin nämlich krank.
Er spricht zwei Sprachen, genauer Deutsch und Französisch.
“Zum Beispiel” is extremely common. “Beispielsweise” is more typical in written language. “Nämlich” often gives the reason or explanation for a statement that came before.
7. Summary and conclusion
These adverbs summarize or conclude what came before. They are very useful at the end of an argument or paragraph.
Important items:
| German | Typical English meaning |
|---|---|
| insgesamt | overall, on the whole |
| zusammenfassend | in summary, to sum up |
| abschließend | in conclusion, finally |
| schließlich | after all, in the end |
Examples:
Die Reise war anstrengend, aber sehr interessant. Insgesamt war es ein guter Urlaub.
Es gab viele Probleme. Schließlich haben wir das Projekt gestoppt.
Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass die Lage schwierig ist.
Abschließend möchte ich noch eine Frage stellen.
“Schließlich” can also mean “finally” in the sense of “in the end”. Pay attention to context.
Using conjunctive adverbs in arguments
Conjunctive adverbs are central for expressing and justifying opinions, especially at B1 level when texts become longer and more complex.
Here is a short, typical opinion text with several conjunctive adverbs:
Ich finde Online-Unterricht praktisch. Man spart Zeit, denn man muss nicht zur Schule fahren. Außerdem kann man die Aufnahmen später noch einmal ansehen. Allerdings gibt es auch Nachteile. Zum Beispiel hat man weniger direkten Kontakt zu den Mitschülern. Insgesamt finde ich Online-Unterricht gut, aber nicht als einzige Form von Unterricht.
Now the same with sentence separation and emphasis on the adverbs:
Ich finde Online-Unterricht praktisch. Man spart Zeit, denn man muss nicht zur Schule fahren. Außerdem kann man die Aufnahmen später noch einmal ansehen. Allerdings gibt es auch Nachteile. Zum Beispiel hat man weniger direkten Kontakt zu den Mitschülern. Insgesamt finde ich Online-Unterricht gut, aber nicht als einzige Form von Unterricht.
You can see how “außerdem” adds a second argument, “allerdings” introduces a contrast, “zum Beispiel” gives a concrete detail, and “insgesamt” presents the final conclusion.
Another example for spoken language:
Ich verstehe deine Meinung. Trotzdem sehe ich das anders. Die Mieten in der Stadt sind sehr hoch. Außerdem ist es laut und voll. Auf dem Land ist es ruhiger, und die Wohnungen sind billiger. Deshalb möchte ich lieber auf dem Land wohnen.
Here the adverbs “trotzdem”, “außerdem” and “deshalb” clearly show the flow of thought.
Typical mistakes and how to avoid them
At B1 level some mistakes with conjunctive adverbs and word order are very common.
Wrong word order 1:
Deshalb ich bleibe zu Hause.
Correct: Deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause.
Wrong word order 2:
Ich deshalb bleibe zu Hause.
Correct: Ich bleibe deshalb zu Hause.
In both cases the problem is the position of the finite verb.
After a sentence-initial conjunctive adverb in a main clause, the finite verb must come directly after the adverb:
Deshalb komme ich nicht.
Außerdem habe ich keine Zeit.
Trotzdem gehe ich ins Kino.
Another frequent problem is to use a conjunctive adverb where a conjunction is needed, or the opposite. For example, “weil” is a conjunction and sends the verb to the end of the clause, while “deshalb” keeps the verb in position 2 in a new main clause.
Compare:
Ich komme nicht, weil ich krank bin.
Ich bin krank. Deshalb komme ich nicht.
At B1 level you should be able to choose between “weil” and “deshalb / deswegen / darum” depending on whether you want a subordinate clause or a new main clause.
Practising and varying your connectors
To sound more natural and flexible, try to avoid repeating always the same conjunctive adverb. Germans often use “deshalb”, “trotzdem”, “außerdem” and “zum Beispiel”, but there are small stylistic differences between similar words.
Here are some clusters of similar words and how you might vary them:
Cause:
Es regnet. Deshalb / deswegen / darum bleiben wir zu Hause.
Contrast:
Der Kurs ist interessant. Trotzdem / dennoch ist er sehr anstrengend.
Die Idee ist gut. Sie ist jedoch / allerdings teuer.
Addition:
Außerdem / zudem / darüber hinaus ist das Projekt wichtig für die Region.
When you write or speak, ask yourself what you want to show: cause, consequence, contrast, addition, sequence, example or summary. Then choose a suitable conjunctive adverb and pay attention to verb position.
Vocabulary list
| German | English meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| deshalb | therefore, that is why | causal, very common |
| deswegen | because of that, that is why | causal, very common |
| daher | therefore, for that reason | causal, a bit more formal |
| darum | so, that is why | causal, informal and common |
| folglich | consequently | result, more formal |
| infolgedessen | as a result, consequently | result, formal |
| somit | thus, hence | result, formal |
| demnach | accordingly, consequently | result, formal |
| jedoch | however, yet | contrast, written and spoken |
| allerdings | however, though | contrast, often softens criticism |
| trotzdem | nevertheless, in spite of that | contrast, very common |
| dennoch | nevertheless, nonetheless | contrast, a bit more formal |
| außerdem | besides, in addition | addition, very common |
| zudem | moreover, in addition | addition, more formal |
| darüber hinaus | moreover, beyond that | addition, formal |
| ferner | furthermore | addition, quite formal |
| dann | then, after that | sequence, very common |
| danach | after that, afterwards | sequence, very common |
| zuvor | before that, previously | sequence, more formal |
| vorher | before that, earlier | sequence, everyday language |
| anschließend | afterwards, subsequently | sequence, formal or semi-formal |
| zum Beispiel | for example | example, very common |
| beispielsweise | for example | example, more written language |
| nämlich | namely, you see, the reason is | often gives explanation or reason |
| genauer | more exactly | specification |
| insgesamt | overall, on the whole | summary |
| zusammenfassend | in summary, to sum up | summary, usually written or formal |
| abschließend | in conclusion, finally | summary, often at the end of a statement |
| schließlich | finally, in the end, after all | summary or final result |