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4.3.2 Nominalization

What Nominalization Is and Why It Matters

In German, nominalization means turning other word types, especially verbs and adjectives, into nouns. This is extremely common in technical, scientific, and formal texts. It allows you to pack information densely, sound more objective, and create compact, abstract expressions.

Compare these two styles:

  1. Verbal style:
    Wir werten die Daten aus. Danach vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse.
  2. Nominal style:
    Nach der Auswertung der Daten erfolgt ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse.

Both mean the same, but the second version is more typical for reports, academic writing, and technical documentation.

Nominalization creates nouns, so they:

  • always have capital letters
  • need an article or other determiner
  • follow case, gender, and number rules

Nominalization of Verbs: Using -ung and Other Patterns

From verbs to nouns in -ung

One of the most productive patterns is:

Verb → Noun in -ung

These nouns are usually feminine (die) and denote actions, processes, or results.

Examples:

Verb (infinitive)Noun (Nom. Sg.)Meaning
analysierendie Analysethe analysis
auswertendie Auswertungthe evaluation, analysis
entwickelndie Entwicklungthe development
untersuchendie Untersuchungthe examination, investigation
berechnendie Berechnungthe calculation
messendie Messungthe measurement
simulierendie Simulationthe simulation
programmierendie Programmierungthe programming
verbrauchender Verbrauchthe consumption
verarbeitendie Verarbeitungthe processing

Notice that some verbs do not take -ung but a different noun:
entwickeln → die Entwicklung (regular)
verbrauchen → der Verbrauch (irregular formation, different suffix)

In scientific and technical texts, -ung nouns often replace entire clauses:

Typical pattern:
bei / nach / zur / zurzeit der + Verb-stem + -ung + Genitiv-Ergänzung
Example:
Bei der Durchführung des Experiments tritt ein Fehler auf.

Other common verbal noun patterns

Many verbs form nouns with other endings or no visible ending:

VerbNounMeaning
messendas Maß / die Messungmeasure / measurement
forschendie Forschungresearch
prüfendie Prüfungtest, examination
planender Plan / die Planungplan / planning
testender Testtest
simulierendie Simulationsimulation
produzierendie Produktionproduction
kontrollierendie Kontrollecontrol, inspection
speichernder Speicher / die Speicherungmemory / storage
anwendendie Anwendungapplication, use

There is no single rule to choose the correct noun. You must learn the typical pairings relevant to your field.

Nominalization of infinitives: das + infinitive

A very flexible and frequent type of nominalization uses the infinitive itself as a noun. It is always neuter and takes the article das.

Examples in technical or scientific contexts:

Compare:

Wir messen die Temperatur.
Das Messen der Temperatur ist wichtig.

Wir speichern die Daten.
Das Speichern der Daten ist sicher.

Pattern:
das + Infinitive = neuter noun
It:

  • is always written with a capital letter
  • can take complements like the original verb:
    das Analysieren großer Datenmengen

The infinitive noun is especially common in subject or object position:

Choosing between -ung and das + infinitive

Often both are possible but the style changes slightly:

The -ung noun often sounds more nominal and fixed, the infinitive can sound slightly more process-focused. Scientific texts use both.

Nominalization of Adjectives and Participles

Adjectives as nouns: the -e form

Adjectives can become nouns and refer to abstract concepts or groups of people. They then follow adjective declension and are capitalized.

Typical scientific and technical examples:

Examples in sentences:

When referring to people, you will often see plural forms:

These come from participles or adjectives but function fully as plural nouns.

Nominalized adjectives and participles:

  • always start with a capital letter
  • decline like adjectives
  • take articles or determiners:
    das Relevante, die Beteiligten, einem Unbekannten

Participles as nouns in technical language

Present participle: -end
Past participle: ge-…-t / ge-…-en

They can become adjectives, then nouns:

These forms are very common in formal and institutional contexts, including universities, research groups, and companies.

Nominalization and Sentence Structure

Turning clauses into noun phrases

Nominalization is often used to transform whole clauses into compact phrases. This is characteristic for formal and scientific style.

Compare:

  1. Verbal construction:
    Wenn man die Daten systematisch auswertet, erkennt man Muster.
  2. Nominalized construction:
    Bei der systematischen Auswertung der Daten erkennt man Muster.

Another example:

  1. Verbal:
    Wir haben die neue Methode getestet. Danach haben wir die Ergebnisse verglichen.
  2. Nominalized:
    Nach dem Test der neuen Methode erfolgte ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse.

Typical prepositions that introduce nominalized structures in technical texts include:
bei, nach, vor, während, für, zur, durch, ohne, mit.

Examples:

If you nominalize a clause:

  • choose the fitting noun (often in -ung)
  • add the correct article, case, and preposition
  • keep the complements of the original verb (e.g. der Daten, der Temperatur)

Compact expressions in scientific writing

Nominalization allows very dense noun phrases:

Notice the structure:

[article] + [adjective] + [nominalized noun] + [Genitiv-Ergänzung]

Example in context:

Nominalization and Genitive Constructions

Attaching information to a nominalized head

Nominalized nouns often take a Genitive phrase to show what is being measured, calculated, developed, and so on.

Patterns in science and technology:

This allows whole chains:

Typical pattern:
Artikel + Adjektiv(e) + Nominalisierung + Genitiv-Ergänzung
Example:
Die genaue Bestimmung der Konzentration des Stoffes ist notwendig.

Prepositions plus nominalizations

Very common structures are:

Examples:

These prepositional phrases are essential building blocks of scientific sentences.

Stylistic Effects: Formal vs Verbal Style

More nominal, more formal

As nominalizations increase, the text usually becomes more abstract and formal. Technical and academic texts often prefer this style because it is compact and seems more objective.

Compare:

  1. Verbal style:
    Wir haben das System lange getestet. Deshalb kennen wir seine Schwächen gut.
  2. Nominal style:
    Durch die langfristige Testung des Systems ist eine genaue Kenntnis seiner Schwächen möglich.

Another contrast:

  1. Verbal:
    Wir haben viele Daten gesammelt und dann ausgewertet.
  2. Nominal:
    Nach der Sammlung und Auswertung großer Datenmengen liegen klare Ergebnisse vor.

Nominal style works well in reports, abstracts, and results sections, but too many nominalizations can make a text heavy and hard to read.

When to avoid excessive nominalization

In good B2-level writing you should be able to:

Often a mix is best:

Here, one nominalization and one finite verb keep the text both formal and readable.

Typical Nominalization Patterns in Science and Technology

Below is a set of typical verb–noun pairs and useful nominalized structures you will often see in scientific or technical contexts.

Common verb–noun pairs

Verb (infinitive)NounExample phrase
messendie Messungdie Messung der Temperatur
analysierendie Analysedie Analyse der Daten
auswertendie Auswertungdie Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse
berechnendie Berechnungdie Berechnung des Energieverbrauchs
entwickelndie Entwicklungdie Entwicklung neuer Technologien
untersuchendie Untersuchungdie Untersuchung des Materials
testender Test / die Testungder Test des Systems
simulierendie Simulationdie Simulation komplexer Prozesse
speicherndie Speicherungdie Speicherung sensibler Informationen
dokumentierendie Dokumentationdie Dokumentation der Experimente
produzierendie Produktiondie Produktion von Energie
kontrollierendie Kontrolledie Kontrolle der Ergebnisse
überwachendie Überwachungdie Überwachung des Netzwerks
anwendendie Anwendungdie Anwendung der Methode
bestimmendie Bestimmungdie Bestimmung der Konzentration
vergleichender Vergleichder Vergleich der Messwerte
optimierendie Optimierungdie Optimierung des Systems
reduzierendie Reduktiondie Reduktion der Kosten
erhöhendie Erhöhungdie Erhöhung der Effizienz

Useful nominalized structures

These patterns are building blocks for your own scientific and technical sentences.

Summary of Key Rules

Nominalization allows you to:

Remember the core forms:

  1. Verb → Noun in -ung
    auswerten → die Auswertung
    messen → die Messung
  2. Infinitive nominalization
    das + Infinitiv
    das Messen der Temperatur, das Programmieren des Roboters
  3. Adjective / participle nominalization
    das Relevante, die Beteiligten, die Studierenden
    All nominalizations:
  • are written with a capital letter
  • behave like nouns (article, case, gender, number)

Being comfortable with nominalizations is essential for understanding and producing German scientific and technical texts at B2 level and beyond.

Vocabulary List

German word / phrasePart of speechEnglish meaning
die Nominalisierungnoun (fem.)nominalization
analysierenverbto analyze
die Analysenoun (fem.)analysis
auswertenverbto evaluate, to analyze
die Auswertungnoun (fem.)evaluation, analysis
entwickelnverbto develop
die Entwicklungnoun (fem.)development
untersuchenverbto examine, to investigate
die Untersuchungnoun (fem.)examination, investigation
berechnenverbto calculate
die Berechnungnoun (fem.)calculation
messenverbto measure
die Messungnoun (fem.)measurement
simulierenverbto simulate
die Simulationnoun (fem.)simulation
programmierenverbto program
die Programmierungnoun (fem.)programming
verbrauchenverbto consume
der Verbrauchnoun (masc.)consumption
verarbeitenverbto process
die Verarbeitungnoun (fem.)processing
forschenverbto do research
die Forschungnoun (fem.)research
prüfenverbto test, to examine
die Prüfungnoun (fem.)test, examination
planenverbto plan
der Plannoun (masc.)plan
die Planungnoun (fem.)planning
testenverbto test
der Testnoun (masc.)test
produzierenverbto produce
die Produktionnoun (fem.)production
kontrollierenverbto control, to check
die Kontrollenoun (fem.)control, inspection
speichernverbto save, to store
der Speichernoun (masc.)memory (technical), storage device
die Speicherungnoun (fem.)storage (process)
anwendenverbto apply, to use
die Anwendungnoun (fem.)application, use
überwachenverbto monitor, to supervise
die Überwachungnoun (fem.)monitoring, supervision
bestimmenverbto determine
die Bestimmungnoun (fem.)determination
vergleichenverbto compare
der Vergleichnoun (masc.)comparison
optimierenverbto optimize
die Optimierungnoun (fem.)optimization
reduzierenverbto reduce
die Reduktionnoun (fem.)reduction
erhöhenverbto increase
die Erhöhungnoun (fem.)increase
das Messennoun (neut., from verb)measuring
das Speichernnoun (neut., from verb)storing
das Programmierennoun (neut., from verb)programming (process)
das Analysierennoun (neut., from verb)analyzing
das Relevantenominalized adjectivethe relevant (thing), what is relevant
das Wesentlichenominalized adjectivethe essential
das Möglichenominalized adjectivewhat is possible
das Unmöglichenominalized adjectivewhat is impossible
das Neuenominalized adjectivethe new (thing)
das Bekanntenominalized adjectivethe known (thing)
das Unbekanntenominalized adjectivethe unknown
die Beteiligtennominalized participlethe people involved
die Verantwortlichennominalized participlethe people responsible
die Studierendennominalized participlestudents (gender-neutral)
die Mitarbeitendennominalized participleemployees (gender-neutral)
die Messung der Temperaturphrasemeasurement of the temperature
die Auswertung der Datenphraseevaluation of the data
die Analyse der Versuchsdatenphraseanalysis of the experimental data
die Simulation komplexer Prozessephrasesimulation of complex processes
die Speicherung sensibler Datenphrasestorage of sensitive data
die Überwachung des Systemsphrasemonitoring of the system
die Dokumentation der Experimentephrasedocumentation of the experiments
die Optimierung des Verfahrensphraseoptimization of the procedure
die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energienphraseuse of renewable energies
die genaue Bestimmung der Konzentrationphraseprecise determination of the concentration

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