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4.4.1 Differences between spoken and written Urdu

Overview

At the upper intermediate level, you begin to notice that the Urdu you see in books, newspapers, official letters, and academic texts often looks and sounds quite different from the Urdu people use in everyday speech. The gap can be large, even for native speakers.

This chapter focuses on systematic differences between spoken and written Urdu, especially in relatively formal contexts. We will not teach all written constructions in detail here, because that is the task of the parent chapter “Formal and Written Urdu”. Instead, you will learn to recognize patterns, so that you can adjust your language depending on the situation.


Registers of Urdu: A Quick Map

Urdu exists on a continuum of formality. Very roughly, we can think of three broad levels:

RegisterTypical useExample channels
Informal spokenFriends, family, casual speechChatting at home, texting friends
Neutral / semi-formalWorkplace, polite conversationTV talk shows, office emails
Formal writtenOfficial, academic, religious, literaryNewspapers, government notices, essays

In this chapter we mainly compare:

Remember that these are not “totally separate languages”. Instead, they are different choices of vocabulary, grammar, and style on the same base.


Pronouns and Address Forms

One of the most noticeable differences is how people refer to themselves and to others.

First person singular: میں vs. ہم

In everyday speech, people almost always use:

However, in many written contexts, especially formal or official, you may see ہم used for “I”. This is a “royal” or formal plural and does not mean “we” in a literal sense.

ContextSpoken styleFormal written style
Application letterمیں درخواست دے رہا ہوں۔میں / ہم درخواست دے رہے ہیں۔
Official announcement (by an authority)میں اعلان کرتا ہوں۔ہم اعلان کرتے ہیں۔

The choice of ہم in written form suggests formality, authority, or politeness.

Important: In normal conversation, use میں for “I”. The plural ہم for “I” is mostly a written or ceremonial choice.

Second person: تو، تم، آپ

In speech you choose between:

In formal writing, almost only آپ appears when addressing someone directly.

SituationSpokenWritten
Talking to a friendتم کیا کر رہے ہو؟(Not common in formal writing)
Writing to a friend (informal letter)تم کیسے ہو؟تم کیسے ہو؟ (possible)
Official letterآپ کی درخواست موصول ہو گئی ہے۔آپ کی درخواست موصول ہو گئی ہے۔

In written instructions, even when addressing the public, آپ is the default:

Verb forms: Conversational vs. Written

Spoken Urdu often simplifies verb endings and chooses shorter forms. Written Urdu prefers complete forms and may use additional auxiliaries.

Informal contractions and simplifications

In casual speech, endings are often shortened. In writing, full forms are used.

PersonFull conversational formCommonly shortened in speech
تم (present)کرتے ہوکرتے ہو / کرتے ہوٗ (merged sound)
میں (present)کرتا ہوںکرتا ہوں / کرتاں (in some dialects, not for formal writing)
وہ (present)کرتا ہےکرتا ہے / کرتاے (fast speech)

These phonetic shortenings usually do not appear in writing. Written Urdu keeps the standard, clear form.

Example: Spoken vs. written style

Spoken Urdu (informal)Written Urdu (formal)
میں نے فائل بھیج دی ہے، تم دیکھ لو۔میں نے فائل بھیج دی ہے، براہِ کرم ملاحظہ کریں۔
وہ آ رہا ہے، ابھی مل لیتے ہیں۔وہ تشریف لا رہے ہیں، ابھی ملاقات ہو جائے گی۔

Notice not only the verbs, but also vocabulary and politeness style.

Use of ہے / ہیں

In spoken Urdu, you often hear:

In written Urdu, forms are clear and strict.

MeaningSpoken exampleWritten example
This is right.ٹھیک ہے۔یہ درست ہے۔
They are present.وہ یہاں ہیں۔وہ یہاں موجود ہیں۔

Many regional spoken varieties may omit some copulas in conversation. In writing, they are normally included.


Vocabulary: Persianate vs. “Everyday” words

Formal written Urdu tends to use more Persian and Arabic origin words, especially for abstract or official ideas. Spoken Urdu often prefers simpler, more common words, sometimes shared with Hindi.

Comparing pairs

MeaningSpoken / neutralFormal written
workکامملازمت / خدمت
answerجوابجواب / پاسخ (very formal)
helpمدداعانت (formal)
newsخبراطلاع / اطلاعات (contextual)
problemمسئلہ / مشکلمسئلہ / مشکل / معضل (very formal)
permissionاجازتاجازت / اذن (formal)
meetingملاقات / میٹنگ (Eng.)اجلاس / نشست / ملاقات

In newspapers, official documents, and academic writing, you will often see the more Persianate forms. In speech, people commonly mix in simple Urdu and English loanwords.

Sentences


Spoken styleFormal written style
مجھے کوئی مسئلہ ہے۔مجھے ایک مسئلہ درپیش ہے۔
آپ کو اجازت نہیں ہے۔آپ کو اس کی اجازت نہیں دی گئی۔
ہمیں کل میٹنگ رکھنی ہے۔ہمیں کل ایک اجلاس منعقد کرنا ہے۔

Formal Phrases vs. Everyday Expressions

Certain phrases are typical of written Urdu and rarely used in everyday speech, except in very formal situations. These often signal politeness, distance, or institutional voice.

Common written openings and closings

FunctionSpoken-style equivalentFormal written Urdu
Starting an official letterسنیں / دیکھیں (very casual)مؤدبانہ گزارش ہے کہ۔۔۔ / ادباً عرض ہے کہ۔۔۔
Referring to attached documentsمیں نے ساتھ بھیج دیا ہے۔ساتھ منسلک دستاویزات ملاحظہ فرمائیں۔
Closing a formal letterبس یہ تھا۔آپ کا مخلص / خاکسار / فرمانبردار

Examples:

These formulations are not typical of everyday spoken conversation.


Syntax: Sentence Length and Structure

Spoken Urdu tends to use shorter sentences, more pauses, and incomplete thoughts. Written Urdu can use long, multi-clause sentences with connectives and formal structures.

Spoken style

People often:

Example:

Written formal style

The same idea in writing may become one or two long, structured sentences.

Example:

Notice features of formal written syntax:

In formal writing, avoid very fragmented sentences and aim for grammatically complete structures with clear subject, object, and verb.


Connectors and Discourse Markers

Spoken Urdu uses many simple connectors and filler words, such as:

Formal written Urdu prefers:

Typical spoken connectors

These are conversational and often avoided in formal writing.

Common formal written connectives

FunctionSpoken connectorFormal written connector
contrastلیکنتاہم، مگر، البتہ
causeاس لیےلہٰذا، چنانچہ، اس بنا پر
additionاورنیز، علاوہ ازیں
conditionاگراگرچہ، بشرطیکہ (very formal)
conclusionتولہٰذا، نتیجتاً، بالآخر

Example written sentences:

Code-switching with English

In spoken Urdu, especially in urban contexts, it is extremely common to mix English words inside Urdu sentences:

In formal written Urdu, code-switching is more controlled. Depending on the domain:

Compare:

MeaningSpoken / mixedFormal written
submit the formفارم سبمٹ کرو۔فارم جمع کروا دیں۔
online applicationآن لائن اپلیکیشنآن لائن درخواست / برقی درخواست
new policyنیو پالیسینئی پالیسی / نئی حکمتِ عملی (more formal)

However, in practice, even many formal texts now contain English loanwords, especially for technical terms.


Honorifics in Written vs. Spoken Urdu

In everyday speech, you may or may not use many honorifics, depending on region and familiarity.

In formal written contexts, you more often see:

Examples

Spoken, respectful but less formal:

Formal written:

Notice that تشریف لانا، ملاحظہ فرمانا، منظور فرمانا are not casual spoken verbs, but standard in polite or formal written language.


Punctuation and Layout

In spoken Urdu, intonation and pauses organize meaning. In writing, punctuation and layout do this job.

Spoken vs. written organization

Spoken:

Written:

Example, spoken narrative:

Formal written version:

Impersonal and Passive Style

Formal written Urdu makes more frequent use of impersonal and passive forms, because they sound objective, polite, and non-confrontational.

Spoken style: more personal and direct

Written style: impersonal and passive

Notice:

Another example:


SpokenWritten
کمپنی نے قیمتیں بڑھا دی ہیں۔کمپنی کی جانب سے قیمتوں میں اضافہ کر دیا گیا ہے۔

Tense and Aspect Choices

Spoken Urdu has a very flexible use of tense and aspect, often relying on context and adverbs like ابھی، کل، بعد میں.

In formal written Urdu:

Example, spoken:

Written:

The meaning is similar, but the tense sequence and connectors are more carefully managed in writing.


Ellipsis and Incompleteness

In everyday speech, people often leave out parts of sentences that are obvious from context.

Examples in speech:

In formal writing, these are usually expanded:

Of course, in certain styles like advertising, headlines, or creative writing, incomplete sentences are also used in written Urdu, but standard expository or official writing tends to be more complete.


Practical Strategies: Moving Between Spoken and Written Urdu

To become effective in both forms, you need control. Here are some strategies:

When turning speech into formal writing

  1. Expand contractions and fragments
    • Sp: پھر آ رہا ہوں۔
    • Wr: میں پھر آ رہا ہوں۔ / میں دوبارہ آ رہا ہوں۔
  2. Replace very casual connectors and fillers
    • Sp: اچھا، تو، مطلب
    • Wr: تاہم، لہٰذا، دراصل, مزید برآں
  3. Choose more formal vocabulary when appropriate
    • Sp: نوکری
    • Wr: ملازمت
    • Sp: میٹنگ
    • Wr: اجلاس / نشست
  4. Add clear subjects and objects
    • Sp: دیکھا تم نے؟
    • Wr: کیا آپ نے یہ بات دیکھی / ملاحظہ کی ہے؟
  5. Use honorifics and polite verbs when addressing
    • Sp: آپ دیکھ لیجیے۔
    • Wr: براہِ کرم ملاحظہ فرمائیں۔

When reading formal writing and speaking about it

Reverse the process:

  1. Simplify abstract connectors
    • لہٰذا → اس لیے
    • تاہم → لیکن
  2. Replace very Persianate words with simpler synonyms
    • معضل → مشکل
    • موکول → چھوڑ دیا / بعد کے لیے رکھا
  3. Turn long sentences into shorter spoken units
    • Break after each major idea.

This allows you to understand complex written Urdu and explain it naturally in speech.


Mini Compare & Transform Exercise

Below are some sample pairs to show how style shifts. Read them and note changes in pronouns, verbs, and vocabulary.

Pair 1

Spoken style:

Written style:

Pair 2

Spoken style:

Written style:

Pair 3

Spoken style:

Written style:

New Vocabulary from This Chapter

UrduTransliterationMeaning
مؤدبانہmoaddabānarespectfully, politely
گزارشguzārišrequest, petition
ملاحظہ کرنا / ملاحظہ فرماناmulāhiza karnā / farmānāto observe, to review
منسلکmunsaliqattached, enclosed
مخلصmukhlissincere (used as “yours sincerely”)
خاکسارxāksārhumble servant (very polite closing)
فرمانبردارfarmānbardārobedient, dutiful (closing)
شرکاšurakāparticipants
امورumūrmatters, affairs
اجلاسijlāসmeeting, session
نشستnišastsitting, session
اعانتiʿānatassistance, aid
اطلاعittilāʿinformation, notice
معضلmuʿżalcomplicated problem
اذنiznpermission (formal)
چنانچہčunānčetherefore, hence
لہٰذاlahāzatherefore
البتہalbattahowever, nevertheless
بشرطیکہbišart-keprovided that (on the condition that)
درپیشdarpešfacing, confronting
منظور کرنا / فرماناmanẓūr karnā / farmānāto approve
تشریف لاناtašrīf lānāto come (honorific)
باہمیbāhamimutual
حکمتِ عملیḥikmat-e ʿamalīstrategy, policy
عمل درآمدʿamal dar-āmadimplementation
موکولmawkūlleft to, postponed to
کارروائیkārwāʾīaction, procedure
فی الحالfīl-ḥālat present, for now
آسامیāsāmījob vacancy, post
ادارہidārainstitution, organization
عنایتʿināyatfavor, kindness

Use this vocabulary to recognize and gradually produce formal written Urdu, while remembering how it contrasts with your everyday spoken style.

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