Table of Contents
Why Linking Matters in Advanced Urdu
At an advanced level, correct grammar and good vocabulary are not enough. What makes your Urdu sound mature is how smoothly your ideas connect. Native speakers do not speak or write in isolated sentences. They build chains of thought, using specific markers and patterns that signal cause, contrast, sequence, conditions, and more.
This chapter focuses on linking ideas in Urdu. We will not re‑explain basic conjunctions or general complex sentence structure. Instead, we will focus on varied, nuanced, and stylistically rich ways to connect ideas, especially in semi‑formal and formal Urdu.
Throughout, pay attention to:
- The register (formal, neutral, informal)
- Whether a linker is usually used within one sentence or between sentences
- The position of the linker (beginning, middle, or flexible)
Overview of Main Types of Links
It helps to think first about functions rather than individual words. In advanced Urdu, you will often need to:
- Add information
- Contrast or concede
- Show cause and effect
- Express purpose
- Indicate conditions
- Mark time, sequence, and transition
- Clarify, summarize, or conclude
We will look at common and more advanced expressions for each of these functions, with examples that are closer to authentic spoken and written Urdu.
Adding and Emphasizing Information
You already know simple additive words like اور and بھی. At advanced level, you need a broader range.
Common additive linkers
| Function | Urdu linker | Typical register | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple addition | اور | neutral | and |
| Emphasizing also / as well | بھی | neutral | also, too |
| Furthermore, moreover | مزید برآں | formal | furthermore, moreover |
| In addition | اس کے علاوہ | neutral/formal | in addition, besides |
| Not only … but also | نہ صرف … بلکہ … | neutral/formal | not only … but also … |
| As well as | کے ساتھ ساتھ | neutral | as well as |
| Especially / in particular | خصوصاً | neutral/formal | especially, in particular |
| Above all | سب سے بڑھ کر | neutral | above all |
Examples
- Simple addition with mild emphasis
- وہ ذہین ہے، اور بہت محنتی بھی ہے۔
He is intelligent, and he is also very hardworking. - In addition, more formal
- اس منصوبے سے روزگار ملے گا۔ اس کے علاوہ مقامی صنعت بھی ترقی کرے گی۔
This project will provide employment. In addition, the local industry will also develop. - More formal written style
- ملک کو توانائی کے بحران کا سامنا ہے۔ مزید برآں ماحولیات پر منفی اثرات بھی بڑھ رہے ہیں۔
The country is facing an energy crisis. Furthermore, negative impacts on the environment are also increasing. - Not only … but also
- اس نے نہ صرف کتاب لکھی، بلکہ خود ہی اسے شائع بھی کیا۔
He not only wrote the book, but also published it himself. - As well as
- وہ یونیورسٹی میں پڑھتی ہے، اور پارٹ ٹائم نوکری کے ساتھ ساتھ آن لائن کورسز بھی کرتی ہے۔
She studies at university, and along with her part-time job she also does online courses.
Key rule: In “نہ صرف … بلکہ …” keep the structure parallel on both sides, for example both parts have a verb phrase or both have a noun phrase.
Contrast and Concession
In advanced discourse you often need to balance two opposing points or show that one fact holds despite another.
Common contrastive linkers
| Function | Urdu linker | Register | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple contrast | لیکن / مگر | neutral | but, however |
| However, nevertheless | تاہم / البتہ | formal | however, nevertheless |
| On the one hand … on the other | ایک طرف …، دوسری طرف | neutral/formal | on the one hand … on the other |
| Whereas / while | جبکہ | neutral/formal | whereas, while |
| In contrast | اس کے برعکس | neutral/formal | in contrast, on the contrary |
| Even though / although | حالانکہ | neutral | although, even though |
| Despite / in spite of | کے باوجود | neutral | despite, in spite of |
| Contrary to | کے برخلاف | rather formal | contrary to |
Examples
- Simple but nuanced contrast
- وہ بہت باصلاحیت ہے، لیکن پریکٹس نہیں کرتا۔
He is very talented, but he does not practice. - More formal alternative
- حکومت نے نئے قوانین متعارف کرائے ہیں، تاہم ان پر عمل درآمد ابھی تک مؤثر نہیں۔
The government has introduced new laws, however their implementation is still not effective. - On the one hand / on the other
- ایک طرف جدید ٹیکنالوجی نے زندگی آسان بنا دی ہے، دوسری طرف اس نے کئی نئے مسائل بھی پیدا کیے ہیں۔
On the one hand modern technology has made life easier, on the other hand it has created many new problems. - Whereas / while
- بزرگوں کے پاس تجربہ ہوتا ہے، جبکہ نوجوانوں کے پاس تازہ خیالات ہوتے ہیں۔
The elderly have experience, whereas young people have fresh ideas. - In contrast
- شہر میں سہولتیں زیادہ ہیں۔ اس کے برعکس دیہات میں بنیادی سہولتوں کی کمی ہے۔
In the city there are more facilities. In contrast, villages lack basic facilities. - Concession with “حالانکہ”
- حالانکہ موسم خراب تھا، ہم سفر پر نکل گئے۔
Although the weather was bad, we set off on the journey. - Despite
- مالی مسائل کے باوجود اس نے تعلیم جاری رکھی۔
Despite financial problems he continued his education.
Subtle point: “لیکن / مگر” can begin a sentence or clause, but “حالانکہ” normally begins the subordinate clause:
حالانکہ وہ تھکا ہوا تھا، اس نے کام مکمل کیا۔
Cause and Effect
Cause and effect links are essential for argumentation, explanation, and analysis.
Basic and advanced causal linkers
| Function | Urdu linker | Register | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| Because | کیونکہ / کیوں کہ | neutral | because |
| So / therefore | اس لیے / اس لئے | neutral | so, therefore |
| That is why | اسی لیے / اسی لئے | neutral | that is why |
| Therefore / hence | لہٰذا | formal | therefore, hence |
| As / since (cause) | چونکہ | formal/neutral | since, as |
| Due to / because of | کی وجہ سے | neutral | because of, due to |
| As a result / resultantly | نتیجتاً | formal | as a result |
| Consequently | اس کے نتیجے میں | neutral/formal | consequently, as a result |
Examples
- Simple “because”
- میں نہیں آ سکوں گا کیونکہ میری میٹنگ ہے۔
I will not be able to come because I have a meeting. - Because at the beginning
- چونکہ آج چھٹی ہے، اس لیے دفتر بند ہے۔
Since today is a holiday, the office is closed. - Therefore, more formal
- آبادی تیزی سے بڑھ رہی ہے، لہٰذا وسائل پر دباؤ بڑھتا جا رہا ہے۔
The population is increasing rapidly, therefore the pressure on resources is growing. - Cause and result in two sentences
- بارش بہت ہوئی۔ اسی لیے سڑکیں بند ہو گئیں۔
It rained heavily. That is why the roads got closed. - Using “کی وجہ سے”
- ٹریفک کی وجہ سے میں دیر سے پہنچا۔
Because of traffic I arrived late. - Resultant phrase
- فیکٹریوں سے نکلنے والا دھواں بڑھ گیا ہے، نتیجتاً شہر کی فضا مزید آلودہ ہو گئی ہے۔
Smoke from factories has increased, as a result the city’s air has become more polluted. - Mixed structure
- تعلیم پر توجہ نہیں دی گئی، اس کے نتیجے میں شرحِ خواندگی کم رہی۔
Education was not given attention, consequently the literacy rate remained low.
Structural tip:
- “چونکہ” usually introduces the cause clause, often at the beginning.
- “اس لیے / لہٰذا / نتیجتاً” introduce the result clause, often in the second part or next sentence.
Purpose and Intention
Linkers of purpose are crucial when explaining why an action is taken.
Purpose expressions
| Pattern / linker | Typical structure | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|
| تاکہ | clause 1 + تاکہ + clause 2 | so that / in order that |
| تا کہ (spelling variant) | formal spelling | same as above |
| اس لیے کہ (purpose nuance) | action + اس لیے کہ + reason / aim | because, with aim |
| کے لئے / کے لیے | verb (infinitive) + کے لیے | in order to / for |
| اس غرض سے کہ | formal | with the purpose that |
Examples
- Using “تاکہ”
- میں جلدی اُٹھتا ہوں تاکہ زیادہ کام کر سکوں۔
I wake up early so that I can do more work. - “تاکہ” for negative outcome avoidance
- انہوں نے حفاظتی اقدامات کیے تاکہ حادثات سے بچا جا سکے۔
They took safety measures so that accidents can be avoided. - “کے لیے” with infinitive
- میں نے تمہارے دیکھنے کے لیے ویڈیو بھیجی۔
I sent the video for you to watch. - وہ پیسے جمع کرنے کے لیے اضافی نوکری کر رہا ہے۔
He is doing an extra job in order to save money. - “اس غرض سے کہ”, formal written
- حکومت نے یہ پروگرام شروع کیا اس غرض سے کہ نوجوانوں کو تربیت دی جا سکے۔
The government started this program with the purpose that young people can be trained.
Note: “تاکہ” always connects two full clauses with verbs, while “کے لیے” typically follows a verb in infinitive form or a noun, for example “پڑھائی کے لیے”, “بچوں کے لیے”.
Conditions and Hypothetical Links
Detailed structure of conditionals belongs to another chapter. Here we highlight common linkers used to introduce or signal conditions.
Conditional markers
| Function | Urdu linker / pattern | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|
| If | اگر | if |
| If (spoken often) | اگر … تو / اگر … تو پھر | if … then |
| If / when (colloquial) | جب … تو | when / if … then |
| Otherwise | ورنہ | otherwise, or else |
| Provided that / as long as | بشرطیکہ | provided that |
| In case | اگر کہیں | just in case, if by any chance |
Examples
- Simple if … then
- اگر تم محنت کرو گے، تو کامیاب ہو جاؤ گے۔
If you work hard, then you will succeed. - If … otherwise
- ابھی نکلو، ورنہ ٹرین چھوٹ جائے گی۔
Leave now, otherwise you will miss the train. - “جب … تو” conditional sense
- جب تم فارغ ہو جاؤ، تو مجھے فون کرنا۔
When you become free, then call me.
Context can make this feel like “if”. - Formal conditional “بشرطیکہ”
- آپ داخلہ لے سکتے ہیں، بشرطیکہ آپ نے امتحان پاس کیا ہو۔
You can enroll, provided that you have passed the exam. - “اگر کہیں” for cautious condition
- اگر کہیں بارش ہو گئی تو پروگرام ملتوی کرنا پڑے گا۔
If by any chance it rains, the program will have to be postponed.
Pattern: A very natural structure is:
$$\text{اگر clause} + \text{تو / تو پھر clause}$$
The “تو / تو پھر” part can be dropped in informal speech, but including it makes the conditional relation clearer in careful or written Urdu.
Time, Sequence, and Transition
For cohesive discourse you need to show how events follow or overlap in time, and how your argument progresses.
Time and sequence linkers
| Function | Urdu expression | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|
| First / firstly | پہلے / سب سے پہلے | first, firstly |
| Then / after that | پھر / اس کے بعد | then, after that |
| Before that | اس سے پہلے | before that |
| Finally / in the end | آخرکار / بالآخر | finally, in the end |
| At the beginning | ابتدا میں | at the beginning |
| In the meantime | اس دوران | meanwhile |
| Since then | تب سے | since then |
| Until / till (time link) | تک / جب تک | until / as long as |
| As soon as | جونہی / جوں ہی | as soon as |
Examples
- Describing a process or story
- سب سے پہلے ہم نے منصوبہ بنایا۔ اس کے بعد ٹیم بنائی، اور آخرکار کام شروع کیا۔
First of all, we made a plan. After that, we formed a team, and finally we started the work. - Before that
- آج ہم نتائج پر بات کریں گے۔ اس سے پہلے تھوڑی سی پسِ منظر کی معلومات دیکھ لیتے ہیں۔
Today we will talk about the results. Before that, let us look at a bit of background information. - “اس دوران”
- میں رپورٹ لکھ رہا تھا۔ اس دوران میٹنگ بھی چل رہی تھی۔
I was writing the report. Meanwhile, the meeting was also going on. - “بالآخر” as culmination
- کئی سالوں کی محنت کے بعد، وہ بالآخر کامیاب ہو گیا۔
After many years of hard work, he finally succeeded. - “جونہی” for immediate sequence
- جونہی بارش رکی، بچے باہر کھیلنے نکل آئے۔
As soon as the rain stopped, the children went out to play.
Transitions between parts of an argument or text
These are especially useful in essays, presentations, and structured arguments.
| Function | Urdu linker / phrase | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|
| To begin with / firstly | سب سے پہلے / ابتدا میں | to begin with, firstly |
| Next / secondly | دوسرے نمبر پر / اس کے بعد | secondly, next |
| Then (another point) | پھر | then, next |
| On the whole / overall | مجموعی طور پر / کُل ملا کر | overall, on the whole |
| In summary / in short | خلاصہ یہ کہ / مختصراً | in summary, briefly |
| In other words | دوسرے الفاظ میں | in other words |
| Specifically / in particular | خاص طور پر / خصوصاً | specifically, in particular |
| For example | مثلاً / مثال کے طور پر | for example |
| On the contrary / in contrast | اس کے برعکس | in contrast, on the contrary |
Examples
- Structuring a talk
- ابتدا میں میں پسِ منظر بیان کروں گا۔ اس کے بعد چند مثالیں دوں گا، اور آخر میں سوالات لوں گا۔
At the beginning I will describe the background. After that I will give some examples, and at the end I will take questions. - Adding a specific example
- بہت سے ممالک اس مسئلے سے دوچار ہیں، مثلاً بھارت، پاکستان اور بنگلہ دیش۔
Many countries face this problem, for example India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. - Summary
- خلاصہ یہ کہ ہمیں تعلیم، صحت اور روزگار پر ایک ساتھ توجہ دینی ہوگی۔
In summary, we will have to focus on education, health and employment together. - Reformulation
- ہماری پالیسی ناکام رہی، دوسرے الفاظ میں ہدف پورا نہیں ہو سکا۔
Our policy failed, in other words the target could not be achieved.
In academic or formal writing, clear transition phrases such as “سب سے پہلے”, “اس کے بعد”, “خلاصہ یہ کہ” are very useful to guide the reader through your structure.
Clarifying, Explaining, and Reformulating
These linkers help when you want to define, explain more clearly, or correct what you just said.
Clarification linkers
| Function | Urdu expression | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|
| That is / that is to say | یعنی | that is, that is to say |
| In other words | دوسرے الفاظ میں | in other words |
| In fact | درحقیقت / حقیقت میں | in fact |
| Actually | دراصل / اصل میں | actually |
| For example | مثلاً / مثال کے طور پر | for example |
| Specifically | خاص طور پر / خصوصاً | specifically |
| More precisely | زیادہ صحیح الفاظ میں | more precisely |
Examples
- Simple clarification
- وہ ماہرِ نفسیات ہے، یعنی لوگوں کے ذہنی مسائل کا علاج کرتی ہے۔
She is a psychologist, that is, she treats people’s mental problems. - In other words
- ہمیں اپنے رویے میں تبدیلی لانی ہوگی، دوسرے الفاظ میں ہمیں خود سے آغاز کرنا ہوگا۔
We must change our attitude, in other words we must start with ourselves. - Actually / in fact
- لوگوں کو لگتا ہے کہ مسئلہ آسان ہے، درحقیقت یہ کافی پیچیدہ ہے۔
People think the problem is easy, in fact it is quite complex. - More precise reformulation
- ہماری معیشت کمزور ہے، زیادہ صحیح الفاظ میں غیر مستحکم ہے۔
Our economy is weak, or more precisely, unstable.
“یعنی” is very frequent in both speech and writing. It can connect a word to its explanation, or even two clauses, but keep it close to what you are defining or clarifying.
Comparing, Contrasting, and Balancing Points
You often need to compare ideas, show similarities or differences, and balance pros and cons. Comparatives themselves are treated elsewhere, but here are useful linkers around them.
Comparison and balance linkers
| Function | Urdu expression | Rough English sense |
|---|---|---|
| Like / similar to | کی طرح | like, similar to |
| Just as … so … | جس طرح … اسی طرح … | just as … so … |
| On the one hand … on the other | ایک طرف …، دوسری طرف … | on the one hand … on the other |
| As compared to / in comparison with | کے مقابلے میں | compared to, in comparison with |
| In comparison | بالمقابل / تقابلی طور پر | comparatively, in comparison |
| In the same way | اسی طرح | in the same way |
Examples
- Simple similarity
- وہ اپنے والد کی طرح بہت محنتی ہے۔
He is very hardworking, like his father. - Just as … so …
- جس طرح جسم کو غذا کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، اسی طرح ذہن کو بھی علم کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔
Just as the body needs food, in the same way the mind needs knowledge. - Balanced argument
- ایک طرف یہ منصوبہ مہنگا ہے، دوسری طرف اس کے فائدے بھی بہت ہیں۔
On the one hand this project is expensive, on the other hand its benefits are many. - Comparison
- دیہات کے مقابلے میں شہروں میں تعلیمی مواقع زیادہ ہیں۔
Compared to villages, there are more educational opportunities in cities. - Comparative discourse
- پچھلے سال کے مقابلے میں اس سال پیداوار بہتر رہی۔
Compared to last year, production has been better this year. - In the same way
- اگر ہم دوسروں کی رائے کا احترام کریں گے، تو وہ بھی اسی طرح ہماری رائے کی قدر کریں گے۔
If we respect others’ opinions, they will in the same way value ours.
For balanced comparison, patterns like “جس طرح … اسی طرح …” and “ایک طرف … دوسری طرف …” create a strong rhetorical rhythm and are very natural in formal speech and writing.
Structuring Arguments: Cause, Contrast, and Conclusion Together
At advanced level, you rarely use just one linker. You chain them to build paragraphs that feel coherent.
Example: Paragraph with varied linkers
- سب سے پہلے ہمیں یہ سمجھنا ہوگا کہ تعلیم کسی بھی معاشرے کی ترقی کے لیے بنیادی شرط ہے۔
- چونکہ ہمارے ملک میں شرحِ خواندگی کم ہے، اس لیے ہم عالمی مقابلے میں پیچھے رہ جاتے ہیں۔
- اس کے باوجود بعض علاقوں میں تعلیمی اداروں کی حالت بہتر ہوئی ہے، لیکن معیارِ تعلیم اب بھی تسلی بخش نہیں۔
- اس کے برعکس ترقی یافتہ ممالک نے نہ صرف ہر بچے کو اسکول بھیجا، بلکہ اساتذہ کی تربیت پر بھی خاص توجہ دی۔
- خلاصہ یہ کہ اگر ہم تعلیم کو پہلی ترجیح نہیں بنائیں گے، تو ترقی کے اہداف حاصل نہیں کر سکیں گے۔
Approximate translation:
- First of all, we must understand that education is a basic condition for the development of any society.
- Since the literacy rate in our country is low, therefore we lag behind in global competition.
- In spite of this, in some areas the state of educational institutions has improved, but the quality of education is still not satisfactory.
- In contrast, developed countries have not only sent every child to school, but have also paid special attention to teacher training.
- In summary, if we do not make education our first priority, then we will not be able to achieve our development goals.
Notice how:
- سب سے پہلے introduces the topic.
- چونکہ … اس لیے gives cause and result.
- اس کے باوجود، لیکن show concession and limitation.
- اس کے برعکس introduces comparison with others.
- خلاصہ یہ کہ signals a conclusion.
- One final اگر … تو sentence ties the argument logically.
Cohesion Across Sentences: Pronouns and Reference
Linkers are not the only tools for cohesion. Pronouns and referring expressions also tie ideas together. Full treatment of pronouns belongs elsewhere, but here is how they interact with linkers.
Using reference with linkers
Look at this mini-text:
- حکومت نے نیا تعلیمی منصوبہ شروع کیا۔
The government started a new education plan. - اس کے تحت دیہات میں نئے اسکول بنائے جائیں گے۔
Under this, new schools will be built in villages. - اس کے نتیجے میں پسماندہ علاقوں میں داخلوں کی شرح بڑھنے کی امید ہے۔
As a result of this, the enrollment rate in underdeveloped areas is expected to increase.
Here, “اس کے تحت” and “اس کے نتیجے میں” both refer back to “نیا تعلیمی منصوبہ”.
Other common cohesive reference expressions:
| Expression | Use | Example (Urdu) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| اس کے بعد | after that / after this | میٹنگ ہوئی۔ اس کے بعد فیصلہ سنایا گیا۔ | There was a meeting. After that, the decision was announced. |
| اس سے پہلے | before that / before this | فیصلہ سنایا گیا۔ اس سے پہلے دونوں فریق سنے گئے۔ | The decision was announced. Before that, both parties were heard. |
| اس دوران | during this / meanwhile | وہ پڑھائی کر رہا تھا۔ اس دوران فون مسلسل بجتا رہا۔ | He was studying. Meanwhile, the phone kept ringing. |
| اس وجہ سے | for this reason | تم نے دیر سے اطلاع دی، اس وجہ سے ہم تیاری نہ کر سکے۔ | You informed late, for this reason we could not prepare. |
| اسی لیے | that is why (with emphasis on “this”) | تم نے اچھی کارکردگی دکھائی، اسی لیے تمہیں انعام ملا۔ | You performed well, that is why you got a prize. |
| اس کے برعکس | in contrast to this | ہمیں مشکلات کا سامنا ہے۔ اس کے برعکس وہ خوشحال ہیں۔ | We are facing difficulties. In contrast, they are prosperous. |
Always check that pronouns like “اس”, “اسی”, “اس کے” clearly refer to a specific earlier idea. In complex writing, unclear reference can confuse the reader even if each individual sentence is grammatical.
Style and Register: Choosing the Right Linker
At C1 level, you must be sensitive to politeness and formality. Some linkers are neutral, some very formal, some very spoken.
Formal versus informal choices
| Informal / spoken | More formal / written | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| مگر | لیکن / تاہم | “مگر” can sound literary or casual |
| اس لیے | لہٰذا / نتیجتاً | “لہٰذا” is distinctly formal |
| پر (for “but”) | لیکن / تاہم | “پر” is common speech, avoid in essays |
| ویسے | بہرحال / تاہم | “ویسے” is very conversational |
| تو (as result marker) | اس لیے / چنانچہ | “تو” in this sense is informal |
| دراصل | درحقیقت | Both are common, “درحقیقت” is formal |
Example: informal vs formal
Informal spoken style:
- مجھے نوکری نہیں ملی، تو میں واپس گاؤں آ گیا۔
I did not get a job, so I came back to the village.
More formal written style:
- مجھے نوکری نہیں ملی، لہٰذا میں واپس گاؤں آ گیا۔
I did not get a job, therefore I returned to the village.
In an exam essay or official email, prefer “لہٰذا”, “اس لیے”, “چنانچہ” rather than very casual connectives.
Match your linkers to the overall tone. A highly formal text that suddenly uses “ویسے” or “پر” as “but” can sound inconsistent or unpolished.
Common Pitfalls in Linking Ideas
Even advanced learners make predictable linking mistakes.
- Overusing “اور”
- Problem: Long chains of “اور … اور … اور …” make writing childish.
- Improvement: Replace some with “اس کے علاوہ”, “مزید برآں”, “تاہم”, “لہٰذا”, etc., according to meaning.
- Using cause linkers for contrast
- Incorrect: حالات خراب ہیں، اس لیے لوگ خوش ہیں۔
(This sounds illogical because “اس لیے” shows cause, not contrast.) - Correct: حالات خراب ہیں، اس کے باوجود لوگ خوش رہنے کی کوشش کرتے ہیں۔
Conditions are bad, nevertheless people try to stay happy. - Forgetting parallel structure
- Incorrect: نہ صرف وہ آیا، بلکہ دیر سے آنا۔
- Correct: نہ صرف وہ آیا، بلکہ وہ دیر سے آیا۔
Or: نہ صرف اس کی آمد دیر سے ہوئی، بلکہ اس کی تیاری بھی ناکافی تھی۔ - Too many linkers in one sentence
- Overloaded: چونکہ … اس لیے … لیکن … تاہم …
- Tip: In long sentences use 1 or 2 strong linkers, then continue in a new sentence.
Practice Ideas
To strengthen your control of linking devices, try these tasks:
- Link two simple sentences in three different ways.
For example: - وہ بیمار تھا۔ وہ دفتر گیا۔
Make versions expressing: - Contrast (although)
- Cause and effect (therefore)
- Condition (if)
- Rewrite a paragraph that uses only “اور” and “لیکن”, replacing some of them with more precise linkers such as “اس کے باوجود”, “اس کے برعکس”, “لہٰذا”, “مثلاً”.
- Summarize a news article in 5 sentences, deliberately including at least:
- One cause & effect linker
- One contrastive linker
- One time / sequence linker
- One summarizing linker like “خلاصہ یہ کہ”
Vocabulary List for This Chapter
Below is a consolidated list of important linkers and related expressions from this chapter.
| Urdu expression | Transliteration | Meaning / function |
|---|---|---|
| اور | aur | and |
| بھی | bhi | also, too |
| مزید برآں | mazeed bar-ān | furthermore, moreover |
| اس کے علاوہ | is ke ilāwa | besides, in addition |
| نہ صرف … بلکہ … | na sirf … balki … | not only … but also |
| کے ساتھ ساتھ | ke sāth sāth | as well as |
| خصوصاً | khuṣūṣan | especially, in particular |
| سب سے بڑھ کر | sab se baṛh kar | above all |
| لیکن | lekin | but, however |
| مگر | magar | but |
| تاہم | tahamm | however, nevertheless |
| البتہ | albatta | however, though |
| ایک طرف … دوسری طرف … | aik taraf … dūsri taraf … | on the one hand … on the other |
| جبکہ | jabke | whereas, while |
| اس کے برعکس | is ke bar‘aks | in contrast, on the contrary |
| حالانکہ | hālānke | although, even though |
| کے باوجود | ke bawjūd | despite, in spite of |
| کے برخلاف | ke barkhilāf | contrary to |
| کیونکہ / کیوں کہ | kyunke / kyun ke | because |
| اس لیے | is liye | so, therefore |
| اسی لیے | isi liye | that is why |
| لہٰذا | lahāzā | therefore, hence |
| چونکہ | chunke | since, as (because) |
| کی وجہ سے | ki wajah se | because of, due to |
| نتیجتاً | natījatan | as a result |
| اس کے نتیجے میں | is ke natīje meñ | consequently, as a result |
| تاکہ / تا کہ | tāke / tā ke | so that, in order that |
| کے لیے / کے لئے | ke liye | for, in order to |
| اس غرض سے کہ | is gharz se ke | with the purpose that |
| اگر | agar | if |
| اگر … تو / اگر … تو پھر | agar … to / agar … to phir | if … then |
| جب … تو | jab … to | when / if … then |
| ورنہ | warna | otherwise, or else |
| بشرطیکہ | basharte ke | provided that |
| اگر کہیں | agar kahīñ | if by any chance |
| سب سے پہلے | sab se pehle | first of all |
| اس کے بعد | is ke ba‘d | after that |
| اس سے پہلے | is se pehle | before that |
| آخرکار | ākhir kār | finally, in the end |
| بالآخر | bāl-ākhir | finally, eventually |
| ابتدا میں | ibtidā meñ | at the beginning |
| اس دوران | is dourān | meanwhile, during this |
| تب سے | tab se | since then |
| جب تک | jab tak | until, as long as |
| جونہی / جوں ہی | jūnhe / jōñ hī | as soon as |
| مجموعی طور پر | majmū‘ī taur par | overall, on the whole |
| کُل ملا کر | kul milā kar | all in all, overall |
| خلاصہ یہ کہ | khulāsa ye ke | in summary |
| مختصراً | mukhtaṣaran | briefly, in short |
| دوسرے الفاظ میں | dūsre alfāz meñ | in other words |
| خاص طور پر | khās taur par | especially, specifically |
| مثلاً | masalan | for example |
| مثال کے طور پر | misāl ke taur par | for example |
| یعنی | ya‘nī | that is, that is to say |
| دراصل | dar-asal | actually |
| درحقیقت | dar-haqīqat | in fact |
| حقیقت میں | haqīqat meñ | in reality |
| زیادہ صحیح الفاظ میں | zyāda sahīh alfāz meñ | more precisely |
| کی طرح | ki tarah | like, similar to |
| جس طرح … اسی طرح … | jis tarah … usī tarah … | just as … so … |
| کے مقابلے میں | ke muqāble meñ | compared to, in comparison with |
| بالمقابل | bālmqābil | comparatively, in contrast |
| تقابلی طور پر | taqābulī taur par | comparatively |
| اس وجہ سے | is wajah se | for this reason |
| اس کے تحت | is ke taht | under this (scheme, law) |
| اس کے نتیجے میں | is ke natīje meñ | as a result of this |
Use this list as a reference when you write essays, emails, or longer spoken pieces, and consciously choose linkers that fit the meaning, tone, and structure you want.