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2.9 Comparisons

Using Comparisons in Everyday Urdu

In this chapter you learn how to say that something is bigger, smaller, better, worse, more, or less in Urdu. You also learn how to form comparative and superlative ideas using simple, everyday structures.

Remember, this chapter focuses on comparison. Detailed work with adjectives and agreement comes in the separate chapter “Adjectives and Agreement,” so we will keep that part light here.


Basic idea of comparison in Urdu

In English we often say:

In Urdu, very often we use a simple structure:

“From X, Y is big / more / good.”

So instead of “Ali is taller than Ahmed,” Urdu usually says something like:

“From Ahmed, Ali is tall.”

The word سے (se) is very important for comparisons.

Key comparison pattern
$$
\text{X سے Y [adjective]}
$$
Meaning:
“Y is [adjective] than X.”

Examples:

In all these examples سے marks the thing you are comparing from, and the adjective describes the other item.


Word order in simple comparisons

Urdu word order usually keeps the adjective just before the verb (often ہے / ہیں in simple statements). The compared item with سے usually comes before that.

Typical pattern:

[Compared item + سے] [subject] [adjective] ہے / ہیں

Examples:

You can also start with the main subject, then the other item with سے, then adjective:

Both orders are acceptable in simple speech. The important pieces are:

More, less, bigger, smaller: زیادہ and کم

Two very useful words for comparison are:

You can use them with adjectives, verbs, and quantities.

More and less with adjectives

Structure:

X, Y سے زیادہ [adjective] ہے
X, Y سے کم [adjective] ہے

Examples:

You can often drop زیادہ or کم when the adjective itself already gives a clear comparison, for example, بڑا (big), چھوٹا (small), اچھا (good), برا (bad). But زیادہ or کم adds emphasis or helps with adjectives where “more” and “less” are explicit.

Compare:

More and less with quantities

You can also compare amounts.

Structure:

X کے پاس Y سے زیادہ / کم [noun] ہے / ہیں

Examples:

Notice that in speech you may hear مجھ سے or میرے سے for “than me.” Both occur in colloquial Urdu, مجھ سے is more standard.


Comparing two similar things

Often you want to say that two things are almost the same, or you want to deny a difference.

Useful words:

“As … as” idea

In Urdu, “as tall as,” “as big as,” etc., is often expressed with اتنا ہی plus a comparison with جتنا or with سے in simple speech.

Very common beginner friendly pattern:

Y, X جتنا [adjective] ہے

or

Y اتنا ہی [adjective] ہے جتنا X

These structures are a little more advanced, but here is the basic idea:

A more explicit pattern with اتنا ہی … جتنا:

At A2 level, you can simply remember:

To say “as … as,” a common pattern is:
$$
\text{Y، X جتنا [adjective] ہے}
$$
and for emphasis:
$$
\text{Y اتنا ہی [adjective] ہے جتنا X}
$$

“Not so … as” / “not as … as”

Negating the comparison:

Saying “better,” “worse,” “bigger,” “smaller”

Urdu often uses the same adjectives with سے, rather than changing their endings like “big, bigger, biggest.”

Common adjectives used in comparison:

EnglishTypical Urdu adjective
bigبڑا (baṛa)
smallچھوٹا (choṭa)
longلمبا (lambā)
shortچھوٹا / چھوٹی
goodاچھا
badبرا
expensiveمہنگا
cheapسستا
fastتیز
slowآہستہ
strongمضبوط
weakکمزور
interestingدلچسپ
difficultمشکل
easyآسان

Patterns:

Examples:

Using زیادہ with verbs: “do more,” “eat less”

You can compare actions, not only qualities. In this case زیادہ and کم usually come before the verb.

Patterns:

X, Y سے زیادہ [verb] ہے / کرتا ہے
X, Y سے کم [verb] ہے / کرتا ہے

Some common verbs:

Examples:

You can also say:

Here تھکا ہوا (tired) is an adjective from a verb, but you can treat it like an adjective in comparisons.


Expressing preference: “I like X more than Y”

Even if you have not fully studied “likes and dislikes” yet, you can already express simple preferences using comparisons.

Very common spoken pattern:

مجھے X، Y سے زیادہ پسند ہے
“To me, X is liked more than Y.”

Meaning: I like X more than Y.

Examples:

You can replace پسند ہے with other verbs or expressions, but at this level, پسند ہے is the simplest.


Saying “the most …” and “the least …” (basic superlative ideas)

Urdu often uses سب سے (sab se) to express “the most” or “the least.”

Basic superlative pattern
$$
\text{X سب سے [adjective] ہے}
$$
Meaning:
“X is the most [adjective].”

Examples:

For “the least,” you can use سب سے کم:

You can also say:

Here “best” and “worst” are effectively superlative forms of اچھا and برا, expressed using سب سے.


Comparison with people: polite and casual

When you compare people, you can use pronouns or names with سے.

EnglishUrdu example
I am taller than you.میں تم سے لمبا ہوں
She is older than me.وہ مجھ سے بڑی ہے
We are stronger than them.ہم ان سے مضبوط ہیں
They are faster than us.وہ ہم سے تیز ہیں

Note:

Some speakers use میرے سے / تیرے سے, especially in casual speech. For your level, مجھ سے / تم سے / آپ سے are safe and widely understood.

Examples:

Negative comparisons: “X is not bigger than Y”

You can easily make comparisons negative by adding نہیں.

Patterns:

X، Y سے [adjective] نہیں ہے
X، Y سے زیادہ / کم [adjective] نہیں ہے

Examples:

Negative comparisons are useful when you want to correct someone or be polite.


Common comparison phrases in dialogues

Here are some short example exchanges that use comparison structures.

Dialog 1: Hotels

A: یہ ہوٹل کیسا ہے؟
How is this hotel?

B: اچھا ہے، لیکن دوسرے ہوٹل سے تھوڑا مہنگا ہے۔
It is good, but a little more expensive than the other hotel.

A: دوسرا ہوٹل بہت دور ہے، یہ میرے لئے بہتر ہے۔
The other hotel is very far, this one is better for me.

Dialog 2: Cities

A: کراچی بڑا ہے یا لاہور؟
Is Karachi big or Lahore?

B: کراچی لاہور سے بڑا ہے۔
Karachi is bigger than Lahore.

A: لیکن مجھے لاہور کراچی سے زیادہ پسند ہے۔
But I like Lahore more than Karachi.

Dialog 3: Food

A: تمہیں چائے زیادہ پسند ہے یا کافی؟
Do you like tea more or coffee?

B: مجھے چائے کافی سے زیادہ پسند ہے۔
I like tea more than coffee.

A: مجھے چائے اتنی اچھی نہیں لگتی۔
I do not like tea that much.

Dialog 4: Studies

A: ریاضی مشکل ہے؟
Is math difficult?

B: ہاں، لیکن فزکس سے کم مشکل ہے۔
Yes, but it is less difficult than physics.

A: میرے لئے تو اردو سب سے آسان ہے۔
For me, Urdu is the easiest.


Practice examples

Try to understand and, if you want, translate or imitate these sentences:

  1. آج موسم کل سے بہتر ہے۔
  2. یہ موبائل اُس موبائل سے سستا ہے۔
  3. میری بہن مجھ سے چھوٹی ہے۔
  4. وہ استاد سب سے سخت ہیں۔
  5. میں تم سے زیادہ اردو نہیں جانتا۔
  6. یہاں کراچی سے زیادہ ٹریفک ہے۔
  7. یہ راستہ دوسرے راستے سے چھوٹا ہے۔
  8. یہ سوال پچھلے سوال سے کم مشکل ہے۔
  9. وہ فلم پہلی فلم جتنی مزے دار نہیں تھی۔
  10. ہمارے اسکول کی لائبریری شہر کی سب سے اچھی ہے۔

Vocabulary list for this chapter

UrduTransliterationPart of speechEnglish meaning
سےsepostpositionfrom, than (in comparisons)
زیادہzyādaadverbmore
کمkamadverbless, fewer
سب سےsab sephrasethe most, the least
بڑاbaṛaadjectivebig
چھوٹاchoṭaadjectivesmall, short, younger
لمباlambāadjectivetall, long
اچھاachchhāadjectivegood
براburāadjectivebad
مہنگاmehengāadjectiveexpensive
سستاsastāadjectivecheap
تیزtezadjectivefast, sharp
آہستہāhisthāadverb / adj.slow, slowly
مضبوطmazbūtadjectivestrong
کمزورkamzōradjectiveweak
دلچسپdilchaspadjectiveinteresting
مشکلmushkiladjectivedifficult
آسانāsānadjectiveeasy
پسندpasandnounliking, preference
پسند ہےpasand haiphrase(someone) likes (something)
اتناitnādeterminerso much, that much
اتنا ہیitnā hīphrasejust as much, exactly as
جتناjitnāconjunctionas much as
موسمmausamnounweather
راستہrāstānounway, route, path
زیادہ کام کرناzyāda kām karnāverb phraseto work more
کم سوناkam sonāverb phraseto sleep less
بہترbehtaradjectivebetter
بدترbadtaradjectiveworse

These words and patterns will help you compare things, people, and actions in simple Urdu sentences.

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