Kahibaro
Discord Login Register

4.5.1 Abstract relations

Table of Contents

Abstract Relations with Complex Postpositions

In earlier chapters you worked with basic postpositions such as میں “in,” پر “on, at,” سے “from, with,” and تک “up to.” In this chapter you focus on complex postpositions that express abstract, non-physical relations such as “about,” “because of,” “regarding,” “in spite of,” “according to,” and similar meanings.

Most of these are built from a noun + a simple postposition and are used after an oblique noun or pronoun, just like other postpositions.


Complex postpositions of “about” and “regarding”

کے بارے میں – about, regarding, concerning

This is probably the most common way to say “about” something.

Structure:
X کے بارے میں = “about X” / “regarding X”

X is in the oblique (so pronouns change form).

Examples with nouns:

Examples with pronouns:

EnglishUrdu phrase with “about”
about meمیرے کے بارے میں
about you (sg.)تمہارے / آپ کے کے بارے میں
about him / itاس کے کے بارے میں
about themان کے کے بارے میں

Note that with آپ, تم, وہ, etc., you normally add the possessive form (میرا, تمہارا, اس کا) then use oblique: میرے, تمہارے, اس کے.

کے متعلق / کے بارے – regarding, concerning

کے متعلق and کے بارے are stylistic variants, often slightly more formal or written.

In speech, کے بارے میں is the safest and most frequent choice.


Cause, reason, and basis

کی وجہ سے – because of, due to

Structure:
X کی وجہ سے = “because of X,” “due to X”

X can be a noun, pronoun, or clause-like phrase.

Examples:

With pronouns:

MeaningUrdu (oblique + کی وجہ سے)
because of meمیری وجہ سے
because of youتمہاری / آپ کی وجہ سے
because of himاس کی وجہ سے
because of themان کی وجہ سے

Note that in fast speech people often omit کے/کی after possessives and directly say “میری وجہ سے,” “آپ کی وجہ سے.” Both patterns are acceptable, but “کی وجہ سے” is the canonical full form.

Key rule:
Use X کی وجہ سے for neutral or negative “because of.”
For positive reasons, you may also use it, but context and tone must show the meaning.

Compare:

کے باعث – due to, owing to (formal)

کے باعث is a more formal and written alternative to کی وجہ سے.

It is common in news language and reports.

کی بنیاد پر – on the basis of

Structure:
X کی بنیاد پر = “on the basis of X,” “based on X”

Used when talking about criteria, grounds, or basis for decisions, judgments, classifications.

Purpose, goal, and benefit

کے لیے – for, for the sake of

Although کے لیے has been used earlier, here we emphasize its abstract relational uses.

Abstract “for”:

Benefit or harm:

Intended purpose:

کی خاطر – for the sake of

More emotional or formal than کے لیے.

Structure:
X کی خاطر = “for the sake of X,” “for X’s sake”

کے حق میں / کے خلاف – in favour of, against

These show a position, stance, or alignment in an abstract sense.

Contrast, concession, and exception

کے باوجود – in spite of, despite

Structure:
X کے باوجود = “in spite of X,” “despite X”

X is usually a noun phrase or sometimes a clause-like expression.

With pronouns:

MeaningUrdu phrase
in spite of meمیرے باوجود
in spite of youتمہارے / آپ کے باوجود
in spite of himاس کے باوجود
in spite of themان کے باوجود

Important:
Do not confuse کے باوجود “despite” with کی وجہ سے “because of.”
They express almost opposite logical relations.

Compare:

کے سوا / کے علاوہ – except, besides, apart from

Although they can be concrete, they also often express abstract exclusion or inclusion.

کے سوا mainly “except, other than.”

کے علاوہ “besides, in addition to, apart from.”

Relation, reference, and comparison

کے متعلق / کے حوالے سے – regarding, with reference to

You saw کے متعلق above. Another very common expression is کے حوالے سے, literally “with reference to X,” widely used in educated and media Urdu.

کے لحاظ سے – in terms of, with respect to

Structure:
X کے لحاظ سے = “in terms of X,” “with respect to X”

Used for evaluations and comparisons on a particular dimension.

کے مقابلے میں – in comparison to, compared with

Structure:
X کے مقابلے میں Y = “Y compared to X,” “in comparison to X”

کے مطابق – according to

Structure:
X کے مطابق = “according to X,” “in accordance with X”

X can be a person, rule, law, report, etc.

کے زیرِ اثر – under the influence of

This is slightly more literary or formal, but useful for abstract influence.

Attitude, perspective, and relation between people

کے بارے میں سوچنا / کے بارے میں رائے – thinking about, opinion about

You already know کے بارے میں. Combine it with verbs of mental activity.

سے متعلق – related to, connected with

Structure:
X سے متعلق = “related to X,” “connected with X”

Note the contrast:

In everyday usage they overlap, but سے متعلق often suggests a more direct or technical connection.

کے ساتھ تعلق / سے تعلق – relation with

For social or abstract relations.

Condition, dependence, and limitation

پر منحصر – dependent on

Structure:
X پر منحصر = “dependent on X”

Often combined with ہونا “to be.”

کی شرط پر – on condition that

Structure:
X کی شرط پر = “on the condition of X,” “on X condition”

کے دائرہ کار میں / کے دائرے سے باہر – within / outside the scope

More formal and abstract, common in academic or official language.

Time relations and abstract sequences

Here you focus on those that express logical or abstract timing, not just simple “before” and “after.”

کے بعد / سے پہلے – after / before (abstract events)

Used not only for clock time but also for conditions and logical stages.

کے دوران – during

Used for both concrete time periods and abstract processes.

کے بعد سے – since after

A more nuanced time relation.

Common patterns and combinations

Many abstract expressions come from combining two or more postpositional elements. Some patterns:

Noun + simple postposition + سے / پر / میں

Examples:

Multiple abstract phrases in one sentence

Practice-style example sentences

Below are mixed examples using several abstract postpositions. Try to identify the function of each Urdu phrase.

  1. میری نظر میں یہ فیصلہ، موجودہ حالات کے لحاظ سے، بالکل درست ہے۔
    “In my view this decision, in terms of the present situation, is completely correct.”
  2. ماہرین کے مطابق یہ مسئلہ آسانی سے حل ہو سکتا ہے۔
    “According to experts this problem can be solved easily.”
  3. اس واقعے کے بعد سے لوگوں کا رویہ حکومت کے بارے میں بدل گیا ہے۔
    “Since this incident, people’s attitude about the government has changed.”
  4. مذہب کے بارے میں بحث ہمیشہ احترام کے ساتھ ہونی چاہیے۔
    “Discussion about religion should always be conducted with respect.”
  5. نوکری کے علاوہ وہ فری لانسنگ بھی کرتا ہے تاکہ آمدنی کے لحاظ سے مضبوط رہے۔
    “Besides his job, he freelances too so that he stays strong in terms of income.”
  6. آپ کی کارکردگی کے مطابق آپ کو انعام ملے گا، کسی سفارش کی وجہ سے نہیں۔
    “You will receive a reward according to your performance, not because of any recommendation.”
  7. نئی پالیسی تعلیم سے متعلق بہت سے بنیادی سوالات اٹھاتی ہے۔
    “The new policy raises many fundamental questions related to education.”
  8. وہ دوسروں کے مقابلے میں اپنے آپ کو کم نہ سمجھے، تجربہ وقت کے ساتھ آتا ہے۔
    “He should not consider himself less than others in comparison, experience comes with time.”

Summary of key abstract postpositions

PostpositionCore meaningTypical use
کے بارے میںabout, regardingtopic of talk, book, opinion
کے متعلق / کے حوالے سےregarding, with reference toformal talk, reports
کی وجہ سےbecause of, due toreason, cause
کے باعثdue to (formal)news, formal writing
کی بنیاد پرon the basis ofcriteria, grounds
کے لیےfor, for the benefit ofpurpose, benefit
کی خاطرfor the sake ofemotional, sacrifice
کے حق میں / کے خلافin favour of / againstopinions, debates
کے باوجودin spite of, despiteconcession, contrast
کے علاوہ / کے سواbesides / exceptinclusion or exclusion
کے لحاظ سےin terms of, with respect toevaluation, comparison dimension
کے مقابلے میںin comparison tocomparison between entities
کے مطابقaccording tolaw, rules, people’s opinions
سے متعلقrelated to, connected withtechnical, topical linkage
پر منحصرdependent ondependence, conditions
کے دورانduringtime span, ongoing process
کے دائرہ کار میںwithin the scope ofacademic, administrative

Practical rule:
Most complex postpositions follow the pattern
[Noun / pronoun in oblique] + کے / کی / کے + [abstract noun] + simple postposition,
for example:

  • کی وجہ سے
  • کے بارے میں
  • کی بنیاد پر
  • کے حق میں
  • کے خلاف
  • کے لحاظ سے
  • کے مطابق
  • کے باوجود
  • کے دائرہ کار میں
    Recognizing this pattern helps you understand and create many abstract expressions.

Vocabulary list for this chapter

Urdu words are given with basic glosses. Many are abstract nouns that form part of complex postpositions.

UrduTransliterationMeaning in English
بارےbāreabout, concerning (in کے بارے میں)
متعلقmutaʿalliqrelated to, concerning
وجہwajahreason, cause
باعثbāʿiscause, factor (formal)
بنیادbunyādfoundation, basis
خاطرkhāṭirsake, consideration
حقḥaqqright, favor, support
خلافkhilāfagainst, opposed to
لحاظliḥāzregard, consideration (in کے لحاظ سے)
مقابلہmuqābalacomparison, competition
مطابقmutābiqaccording to, in accordance with
حوالےḥawālereference (in کے حوالے سے)
دورانdourānduring
دائرہ کارdāira-e-kārscope, domain
زیرِ اثرzair-e-asarunder the influence
سواsivāexcept, other than
علاوہilāvābesides, in addition to
شرطshartcondition
منحصرmunḥasirdependent
متعلقہmutaʿalliqarelated, relevant
تعلقtaʿalluqrelation, connection
رائےrāeopinion
دباؤdabāopressure
تعصبtaʿaṣṣubprejudice
معیارmiʿyārstandard, quality
دائرہdāiracircle, sphere
فائدہfāydabenefit
نقصان دہnuqsān-dehharmful
موافقmuvafiqfavorable (often with کے حق میں context)
ناموافقnā-muvafiqunfavorable, adverse
شرط پرshart paron condition (in کی شرط پر)

This chapter has focused on how complex postpositions encode abstract logical and relational meanings in Urdu. In later chapters, you will see these same forms used inside more complex and extended sentences.

Views: 6

Comments

Please login to add a comment.

Don't have an account? Register now!