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4.5 Complex Postpositions

Table of Contents

Overview

At earlier levels you met common Urdu postpositions such as میں (in), پر (on, at), سے (from, by) and کے ساتھ (with). In this chapter we focus on complex postpositions, which are usually combinations of a noun or adverb plus a basic postposition. These combinations express more abstract relations such as “about,” “because of,” “in front of,” “despite,” and many more.

You will see how these complex postpositions behave grammatically, how they combine with noun phrases, and how they let you talk about subtle relationships of cause, contrast, dependence, location, and time.

Key rule:
Most complex postpositions are built from:
[Noun phrase in oblique] + کا / کی / کے (or other linker) + head word + simple postposition
The last word is the true postposition and controls case and agreement.

Structure of Complex Postpositions

Many complex postpositions share a similar structure. Start from a basic pattern, then notice common variations.

Core structural patterns

Pattern 1: Noun in oblique + simple postposition

Here the combination acts together as a postposition.

PatternExample (Urdu)Literal glossNatural meaning
Noun (obl) + میںشہر میںin the cityin the city
Noun (obl) + سے پہلےدفتر سے پہلےbefore the officebefore reaching the office
Noun (obl) + کے بعدکھانے کے بعدafter foodafter the meal

This pattern is familiar, but in complex postpositions, the noun part can be very abstract, for example, بعد (after), وجہ (reason), لحاظ (regard), مطابق (according), خلاف (against).

Pattern 2: Noun (oblique) + کا / کی / کے + head word + simple postposition

Here the postposition is actually the entire phrase, but the final element behaves like a postposition.

PatternExample (Urdu)Literal glossMeaning
Noun (obl) + کا + بعدکلاس کے بعدof the class afterafter class
Noun (obl) + کے + مطابققانون کے مطابقaccording to the lawaccording to law
Noun (obl) + کی + وجہ سےبارش کی وجہ سےby the rain’s reasonbecause of the rain

The possessive marker کا / کی / کے agrees with the preceding noun, not the following word.

Agreement reminder:
In structures like X کی وجہ سے, the form of کا / کی / کے matches X, not وجہ.

  • بارش کی وجہ سے (بارش is feminine)
  • مسئلوں کی وجہ سے (مسئلے, plural treated as feminine plural)
  • کام کی وجہ سے (کام, often masculine, but fixed phrase “کام کی وجہ سے” is common)

Spatial Complex Postpositions

Now we look at spatial relations that are more precise than simple میں and پر.

Front, back, top, bottom

These are built from a body-part or location noun.

EnglishUrdu (postposition)Example sentenceTranslation
in front ofکے سامنےگھر کے سامنے پارک ہے۔There is a park in front of the house.
behindکے پیچھےمسجد کے پیچھے اسکول ہے۔There is a school behind the mosque.
above / overکے اوپرٹیبل کے اوپر کتاب ہے۔The book is on / above the table.
below / underکے نیچےکرسی کے نیچے بلی ہے۔The cat is under the chair.
around / surroundingکے اردگرددریا کے اردگرد گاؤں ہیں۔There are villages around the river.

Notes and examples

  1. کے سامنے (in front of)
    • دفتر کے سامنے بس اسٹاپ ہے۔
      “There is a bus stop in front of the office.”
    • وہ میرے سامنے بیٹھا ہے۔
      “He is sitting in front of me.”
  2. کے پیچھے (behind)
    • گاڑی کے پیچھے موٹر سائیکل کھڑی ہے۔
      “A motorcycle is parked behind the car.”
    • وہ میرے پیچھے آیا۔
      “He came behind me.”
  3. کے اردگرد (around)
    • مسجد کے اردگرد بہت دکانیں ہیں۔
      “There are many shops around the mosque.”
    • درخت کے اردگرد بچے کھیل رہے ہیں۔
      “Children are playing around the tree.”

Inside, outside, among

EnglishUrduExampleTranslation
insideکے اندربیگ کے اندر لیپ ٹاپ ہے۔There is a laptop inside the bag.
outsideکے باہرہوٹل کے باہر کھانا سستا ہے۔Food is cheap outside the hotel.
among / amidstکے درمیان / کے بیچدو عمارتوں کے درمیان پارک ہے۔There is a park between two buildings.

Temporal Complex Postpositions

Complex postpositions also position events in time more exactly.

Before and after

You already know سے پہلے and کے بعد, but here we use more abstract nouns.

EnglishUrduExampleTranslation
before (in terms of time or sequence)سے پہلے / کے قبلامتحان سے پہلے دہرائی ضروری ہے۔Revision is necessary before the exam.
afterکے بعدمیٹنگ کے بعد آپ فارغ ہیں؟Are you free after the meeting?
duringکے دورانلیکچر کے دوران فون بند رکھیں۔Keep your phone off during the lecture.

Within, since, from… till

Some are semi-complex, built on basic postpositions but used in abstract ways.

EnglishUrduExampleTranslation
until, up toتکدو گھنٹے تک انتظار کیا۔I waited for up to two hours.
from… toسے … تکپیر سے جمعہ تک کلاس ہوتی ہے۔There are classes from Monday to Friday.
since (time point)سےدو ہزار دس سے یہاں رہ رہا ہوں۔I have been living here since 2010.
within (duration)کے اندر / کے اندرونایک مہینے کے اندر کام ختم کریں۔Finish the work within a month.

“Within” can also be expressed with simple phrases, but کے اندر is very common for a timeframe or limit.

Causal and Motivational Complex Postpositions

Now we move to abstract relations of cause, reason, and purpose. These are central to more advanced narration and argument.

“Because of” and “due to”

کی وجہ سے

This is one of the most frequent complex postpositions.

Structure:
[cause in oblique] + کی وجہ سے

Observe agreement:

کے باعث

More formal, often in news or formal writing.

کے سبب

Very similar to کے باعث, slightly literary.

Causal family summary:

  • X کی وجہ سے = neutral, very common in speech and writing.
  • X کے باعث, X کے سبب = more formal or literary “due to X”.

“For the sake of” and “because of (someone)”

کی خاطر

Structure:
[person / purpose in oblique] + کی خاطر

Meaning: for the sake of, for the benefit of, on account of.

کی وجہ سے vs کی خاطر

Concessive and Contrasting Complex Postpositions

These express contrast, concession, or opposition such as “despite,” “against,” “in comparison with.”

“Despite,” “in spite of”

کے باوجود

Structure:
[X in oblique] + کے باوجود

Meaning: despite X, in spite of X.

You can also start the sentence with this phrase:

“Against” or “contrary to”

کے خلاف

Structure:
[X in oblique] + کے خلاف

Meaning: against, opposed to.

کے برعکس

More like “contrary to” or “in contrast with.”

Comparative and Reference Postpositions

These express comparison and reference, such as “according to,” “about,” “regarding,” “compared to.”

“According to”

کے مطابق

Structure:
[source / standard in oblique] + کے مطابق

Meaning: according to, in conformity with.

کے حساب سے

Casual, used for “according to,” “in terms of,” or “by calculation.”

“About,” “regarding,” “with respect to”

کے بارے میں

Structure:
[topic in oblique] + کے بارے میں

Meaning: about, regarding.

کے متعلق / کے حوالے سے

More formal. Used especially in media, official talk.

“In comparison with”

کے مقابلے میں

Structure:
[X in oblique] + کے مقابلے میں

Meaning: compared to, in comparison with.

کے نسبت

Similar idea, often in slightly more formal or literary style.

Relational and Abstract Complex Postpositions

These express more abstract relationships, such as “in terms of,” “in view of,” “with regard to,” “depending on.”

“With regard to,” “in terms of”

کے لحاظ سے

Structure:
[criterion in oblique] + کے لحاظ سے

Meaning: in terms of, with regard to, from the point of view of.

کے اعتبار سے

Very similar, a little more formal.

“In light of,” “in view of”

کے پیش نظر

Structure:
[consideration in oblique] + کے پیش نظر

Meaning: in view of, in light of, considering.

This is common in news reports and formal announcements.

“Depending on,” “based on”

پر منحصر

Structure:
[X in oblique] + پر منحصر ہے / ہیں

Meaning: depends on X.

Although grammatically “پر منحصر” is verb-like, in function it acts much like a complex postposition.

Benefactive, Possessive, and Other Relations

Some complex postpositions express benefit, possession type relations, or limited perspective.

“For,” “on behalf of,” “for the benefit of”

کے لیے

You already know کے لیے as a basic postposition. It also appears inside more complex phrases.

In combination:

“In possession of,” “with” (in a special sense)

کے پاس

Structure:
[possessor in oblique] + کے پاس

Meaning: to have, to be in possession of.

Though basic, کے پاس is often extended:

“Vis‑à‑vis,” “with respect to” (formal)

کے سلسلے میں

Structure:
[topic in oblique] + کے سلسلے میں

Meaning: regarding, concerning, with respect to, often formal.

کے ضمن میں

Also formal, often in academic or official writing.

Nuances, Style, and Substitution

At this level you should notice how speakers choose between several complex postpositions that are close in meaning. Choice often signals formality, perspective, or evaluation.

Formal vs informal options

MeaningNeutral / spokenFormal / written
because ofکی وجہ سےکے باعث / کے سبب
about, regardingکے بارے میںکے متعلق / کے حوالے سے / کے سلسلے میں
according toکے حساب سےکے مطابق
compared withکے مقابلے میںکے نسبت (slightly literary)
in view ofconsideringکے پیش نظر

You should be able to recognize the formal ones in texts, even if you usually produce the neutral ones in speech.

Example set

Subtle differences of viewpoint

Small changes in postposition can change the angle:

Practice Sentences (Analysis of Structure)

Look at these sentences and notice the structure of the complex postpositions.

  1. افواہوں کے باوجود وہ پُر اعتماد رہا۔
    • Complex postposition: افواہوں کے باوجود
    • Meaning: despite the rumors
  2. کاپی کے اوپر نام لکھیں۔
    • Complex postposition: کے اوپر
    • Meaning: on top of the notebook
  3. اگلے سال کے مقابلے میں اس سال بجٹ کم ہے۔
    • Complex postposition: کے مقابلے میں
    • Meaning: in comparison with next year
  4. موجودہ حالات کے پیش نظر تقریب منسوخ کر دی گئی۔
    • Complex postposition: کے پیش نظر
    • Meaning: in view of the current circumstances
  5. قانون کے مطابق سب برابر ہیں۔
    • Complex postposition: کے مطابق
    • Meaning: according to the law
  6. اس مسئلے کے سلسلے میں میں آپ سے بات کرنا چاہتا ہوں۔
    • Complex postposition: کے سلسلے میں
    • Meaning: regarding this problem
  7. ٹیم کے اندر اختلافات ہیں۔
    • Complex postposition: کے اندر (abstract “within the team”)
    • Meaning: there are internal differences within the team

Summary of Common Complex Postpositions

FunctionUrdu expressionTypical English
CauseX کی وجہ سےbecause of X
Cause (formal)X کے باعث / X کے سببdue to X
ConcessionX کے باوجودdespite X
OppositionX کے خلافagainst X
ContrastX کے برعکسcontrary to X
ComparisonX کے مقابلے میں / X کے نسبتcompared to X
StandardX کے مطابقaccording to X
CriterionX کے لحاظ سے / X کے اعتبار سےin terms of X
TopicX کے بارے میںabout X
Topic (formal)X کے متعلق / X کے حوالے سے / X کے سلسلے میںregarding X
ViewpointX کے پیش نظرin view of X
BenefactiveX کی خاطرfor the sake of X
Possession-likeX کے پاسX has / by X
DependenceX پر منحصرdepends on X
Spatial frontX کے سامنےin front of X
Spatial backX کے پیچھےbehind X
Spatial aroundX کے اردگردaround X
Spatial withinX کے اندرinside / within X
Temporal beforeX سے پہلے / X کے قبلbefore X
Temporal afterX کے بعدafter X
Temporal duringX کے دورانduring X

Vocabulary List

Below is a list of key nouns and complex postpositions introduced or heavily used in this chapter.

UrduTransliterationPart of speech / typeMeaning
وجہwajahnounreason
کی وجہ سےki wajah secomplex postpositionbecause of, due to
باعثbāʿisnouncause, factor (formal)
کے باعثke bāʿiscomplex postpositiondue to (formal)
سببsababnouncause, reason (literary)
کے سببke sababcomplex postpositiondue to, on account of
خاطرkhātirnounsake, regard
کی خاطرki khātircomplex postpositionfor the sake of
باوجودbawjūdnoun-likein spite of
کے باوجودke bawjūdcomplex postpositiondespite, in spite of
خلافkhilāfnoun-likeagainst
کے خلافke khilāfcomplex postpositionagainst, opposed to
برعکسbarʿaksadjective / noun-likeopposite, contrary
کے برعکسke barʿakscomplex postpositioncontrary to
مطابقmutābiqadjectiveaccording
کے مطابقke mutābiqcomplex postpositionaccording to
حسابhisābnouncalculation, account
کے حساب سےke hisāb secomplex postpositionaccording to, in terms of
بارےbārenoun-likeabout
کے بارے میںke bāre meñcomplex postpositionabout, regarding
متعلقmutaʿalliqadjectiverelated
کے متعلقke mutaʿalliqcomplex postpositionconcerning, regarding
حوالےhavālenounreference
کے حوالے سےke havāle secomplex postpositionwith reference to, regarding
سلسلہsilsilanounseries, connection
کے سلسلے میںke silsile meñcomplex postpositionin connection with
ضمنzimnnouncontext, connection
کے ضمن میںke zimn meñcomplex postpositionin the context of
مقابلہmuqābalanouncomparison, contest
کے مقابلے میںke muqāble meñcomplex postpositionin comparison with
نسبتnisbatnounrelation, proportion
کے نسبتke nisbatcomplex postpositionin comparison with (literary)
لحاظlihāznounregard, respect
کے لحاظ سےke lihāz secomplex postpositionin terms of, with regard to
اعتبارiʿtibārnounconsideration, respect
کے اعتبار سےke iʿtibār secomplex postpositionin terms of
پیش نظرpesh-e-nazarphrasein view, before the eyes
کے پیش نظرke pesh-e-nazarcomplex postpositionin view of, considering
اندرandarpostposition / adverbinside
کے اندرke andarcomplex postpositioninside, within
اردگردardagirdadverbaround
کے اردگردke ardagirdcomplex postpositionaround, surrounding
سامنےsāmneadverbin front
کے سامنےke sāmnecomplex postpositionin front of
پیچھےpīchheadverbbehind
کے پیچھےke pīchhecomplex postpositionbehind
اوپرūparadverbabove, on
کے اوپرke ūparcomplex postpositionabove, on top of
نیچےnīcheadverbbelow, under
کے نیچےke nīchecomplex postpositionunder, below
درمیانdarmiyānnounmiddle
کے درمیانke darmiyāncomplex postpositionbetween, among
بیچbīchnounmiddle
کے بیچke bīchcomplex postpositionin the middle of
دورانdaurānnounduration
کے دورانke daurāncomplex postpositionduring
پاسpāspostposition-likenear, with (possession)
کے پاسke pāscomplex postpositionto have, in possession of
منحصرmunḥasiradjectivedependent
پر منحصرpar munḥasircomplex predicatedependent on
لحاظlihāznounrespect, regard

This chapter should give you a toolkit of complex postpositions that let you describe subtle relations in time, space, cause, and viewpoint. As you read and listen to authentic Urdu, try to notice which of these are used and in what style of language.

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