5. Geant4 Units and Constants

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Where to Move

Move chapter:

• ☰ 1. Introduction to Geant4
  • ☰ 1.1. What Is Geant4?
  • ☰ 1.2. How Geant4 Works
  • ☰ 1.3. Geant4 Simulation Structure
  • ☰ 1.4. Geant4 and C++
• ☰ 2. Installing Geant4
  • ☰ 2.1. Geant4 Requirements
  • ☰ 2.2. Installing Geant4 on Linux
  • ☰ 2.3. Installing Visualization Libraries
  • ☰ 2.4. Verifying the Installation
  • ☰ 2.5. Geant4 Example Applications
• ☰ 3. C++ Basics for Geant4
  • ☰ 3.1. Classes and Objects
  • ☰ 3.2. Inheritance
  • ☰ 3.3. Pointers and References
  • ☰ 3.4. Header and Source Files
  • ☰ 3.5. Standard Library Containers
• ☰ 4. Creating Your First Geant4 Project
  • ☰ 4.1. Project Structure
  • ☰ 4.2. CMake Configuration
  • ☰ 4.3. The Main Program
  • ☰ 4.4. User Initialization Classes
  • ☰ 4.5. Building and Running
• ☰ 5. Geant4 Units and Constants
  • ☰ 5.1. Geant4 Unit System
  • ☰ 5.2. Using Units in C++
  • ☰ 5.3. Physical Constants
  • ☰ 5.4. Printing Values with Units
• ☰ 6. Creating the Simulation World
  • ☰ 6.1. DetectorConstruction
  • ☰ 6.2. Solids
  • ☰ 6.3. Logical Volumes
  • ☰ 6.4. Physical Volumes
  • ☰ 6.5. Creating the World Volume
• ☰ 7. Materials
  • ☰ 7.1. Geant4 Materials
  • ☰ 7.2. NIST Material Database
  • ☰ 7.3. Common Materials
  • ☰ 7.4. Creating Custom Materials
  • ☰ 7.5. Detector Materials
• ☰ 8. Building Detector Geometry
  • ☰ 8.1. Basic Geometrical Shapes
  • ☰ 8.2. Boolean Solids
  • ☰ 8.3. Positioning Volumes
  • ☰ 8.4. Repeated Geometry
  • ☰ 8.5. Detector Arrays
  • ☰ 8.6. Geometry Overlap Checking
• ☰ 9. Geometry Visualization
  • ☰ 9.1. Visualization in Geant4
  • ☰ 9.2. Starting the Visualization System
  • ☰ 9.3. Changing the View
  • ☰ 9.4. Visualization Attributes
  • ☰ 9.5. Displaying Particle Tracks
• ☰ 10. Primary Particle Generation
  • ☰ 10.1. PrimaryGeneratorAction
  • ☰ 10.2. Particle Gun
  • ☰ 10.3. Particle Energy
  • ☰ 10.4. Particle Position
  • ☰ 10.5. Particle Direction
  • ☰ 10.6. Common Particle Sources
• ☰ 11. General Particle Source
  • ☰ 11.1. Introduction to GPS
  • ☰ 11.2. Position Distributions
  • ☰ 11.3. Angular Distributions
  • ☰ 11.4. Energy Distributions
  • ☰ 11.5. Configuring Sources with Macros
• ☰ 12. Physics Lists
  • ☰ 12.1. What Is a Physics List?
  • ☰ 12.2. Reference Physics Lists
  • ☰ 12.3. Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 12.4. Gamma Interactions
  • ☰ 12.5. Positron Physics
  • ☰ 12.6. Hadronic Physics
  • ☰ 12.7. Choosing a Physics List
• ☰ 13. Particle Tracking
  • ☰ 13.1. Tracks
  • ☰ 13.2. Steps
  • ☰ 13.3. Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 13.4. Track Status
  • ☰ 13.5. Parent and Secondary Particles
• ☰ 14. User Actions
  • ☰ 14.1. RunAction
  • ☰ 14.2. EventAction
  • ☰ 14.3. SteppingAction
  • ☰ 14.4. TrackingAction
  • ☰ 14.5. StackingAction
  • ☰ 14.6. ActionInitialization
• ☰ 15. Sensitive Detectors
  • ☰ 15.1. What Is a Sensitive Detector?
  • ☰ 15.2. Creating a Sensitive Detector
  • ☰ 15.3. Hits
  • ☰ 15.4. Hit Collections
  • ☰ 15.5. Assigning Sensitive Detectors
• ☰ 16. Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 16.1. Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 16.2. Energy per Event
  • ☰ 16.3. Energy per Detector
  • ☰ 16.4. Energy Spectra
  • ☰ 16.5. Detector Efficiency
• ☰ 17. Particle Position and Timing
  • ☰ 17.1. Particle Position
  • ☰ 17.2. Interaction Position
  • ☰ 17.3. Global Time
  • ☰ 17.4. Time of Flight
  • ☰ 17.5. Detector Timing
• ☰ 18. Geant4 Analysis System
  • ☰ 18.1. Introduction to G4AnalysisManager
  • ☰ 18.2. Histograms
  • ☰ 18.3. Ntuples
  • ☰ 18.4. Filling Ntuples
  • ☰ 18.5. Writing Output Files
  • ☰ 18.6. Closing Analysis Files
• ☰ 19. Geant4 and ROOT
  • ☰ 19.1. ROOT Output from Geant4
  • ☰ 19.2. Reading Geant4 Output with ROOT
  • ☰ 19.3. Plotting Energy Spectra
  • ☰ 19.4. Event Analysis
  • ☰ 19.5. Simulation-to-Analysis Workflow
• ☰ 20. Geant4 Macro Commands
  • ☰ 20.1. Macro Files
  • ☰ 20.2. Run Commands
  • ☰ 20.3. Particle Source Commands
  • ☰ 20.4. Visualization Commands
  • ☰ 20.5. Controlling Simulations Without Recompiling
• ☰ 21. Random Numbers and Reproducibility
  • ☰ 21.1. Monte Carlo Random Numbers
  • ☰ 21.2. Setting Random Seeds
  • ☰ 21.3. Running Independent Simulations
  • ☰ 21.4. Reproducing an Event
• ☰ 22. Multithreading
  • ☰ 22.1. Geant4 Multithreading
  • ☰ 22.2. Running with Multiple Threads
  • ☰ 22.3. Thread-Safe User Code
  • ☰ 22.4. Analysis with Multithreading
  • ☰ 22.5. Performance Considerations
• ☰ 23. Practical Example: Gamma-Ray Detector
  • ☰ 23.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 23.2. Creating the World
  • ☰ 23.3. Creating the Detector
  • ☰ 23.4. Adding the Material
  • ☰ 23.5. Creating a Gamma Source
  • ☰ 23.6. Selecting Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 23.7. Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 23.8. Creating an Energy Spectrum
  • ☰ 23.9. Simulating Detector Resolution
  • ☰ 23.10. Analyzing the Spectrum with ROOT
• ☰ 24. Practical Example: Radiation Shielding
  • ☰ 24.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 24.2. Creating the Source
  • ☰ 24.3. Creating the Shield
  • ☰ 24.4. Comparing Shielding Materials
  • ☰ 24.5. Varying Shield Thickness
  • ☰ 24.6. Recording Transmitted Particles
  • ☰ 24.7. Calculating Transmission
  • ☰ 24.8. Calculating Attenuation
  • ☰ 24.9. Comparing Simulation Results
• ☰ 25. Practical Example: PET Scanner
  • ☰ 25.1. Introduction to PET Simulation
  • ☰ 25.2. Creating a PET Detector Ring
  • ☰ 25.3. Creating Detector Crystals
  • ☰ 25.4. Assigning Detector IDs
  • ☰ 25.5. Creating a Positron Source
  • ☰ 25.6. Simulating Positron Annihilation
  • ☰ 25.7. Recording Detector Hits
  • ☰ 25.8. Applying an Energy Window
  • ☰ 25.9. Finding Coincidence Events
  • ☰ 25.10. Recording Detector Positions
  • ☰ 25.11. Creating Lines of Response
  • ☰ 25.12. Saving PET Events to ROOT
  • ☰ 25.13. Analyzing PET Data with ROOT
• ☰ 26. Practical Example: Proton Beam in Water
  • ☰ 26.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 26.2. Creating the Water Phantom
  • ☰ 26.3. Creating a Proton Beam
  • ☰ 26.4. Selecting the Physics List
  • ☰ 26.5. Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 26.6. Dividing the Phantom into Slices
  • ☰ 26.7. Calculating Depth Dose
  • ☰ 26.8. Observing the Bragg Peak
  • ☰ 26.9. Plotting the Depth-Dose Curve
• ☰ 27. Detector Resolution and Smearing
  • ☰ 27.1. Ideal vs Realistic Detector Response
  • ☰ 27.2. Energy Resolution
  • ☰ 27.3. Position Resolution
  • ☰ 27.4. Time Resolution
  • ☰ 27.5. Applying Detector Effects
  • ☰ 27.6. Comparing Ideal and Smeared Results
• ☰ 28. Simulation Validation
  • ☰ 28.1. Why Validate a Simulation?
  • ☰ 28.2. Checking Geometry
  • ☰ 28.3. Checking Energy Conservation
  • ☰ 28.4. Comparing with Analytical Calculations
  • ☰ 28.5. Comparing with Reference Data
  • ☰ 28.6. Statistical Uncertainties
  • ☰ 28.7. Number of Simulated Events
• ☰ 29. Improving Simulation Performance
  • ☰ 29.1. Geometry Performance
  • ☰ 29.2. Physics List Performance
  • ☰ 29.3. Production Cuts
  • ☰ 29.4. Reducing Unnecessary Output
  • ☰ 29.5. Multithreading
  • ☰ 29.6. Running Large Simulations
  • ☰ 29.7. Parameter Scans
• ☰ 30. Debugging Geant4 Simulations
  • ☰ 30.1. Compilation Errors
  • ☰ 30.2. Geometry Errors
  • ☰ 30.3. Overlapping Volumes
  • ☰ 30.4. Missing Particles
  • ☰ 30.5. Missing Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 30.6. Physics List Problems
  • ☰ 30.7. Sensitive Detector Problems
  • ☰ 30.8. Empty Output Files
  • ☰ 30.9. Segmentation Faults
  • ☰ 30.10. Using Geant4 Verbose Output
• ☰ 31. Writing Better Geant4 Applications
  • ☰ 31.1. Organizing Source Code
  • ☰ 31.2. Separating Geometry and Analysis
  • ☰ 31.3. Using Configuration Parameters
  • ☰ 31.4. Avoiding Hard-Coded Values
  • ☰ 31.5. Creating Reusable Detector Components
  • ☰ 31.6. Naming Conventions
  • ☰ 31.7. Documentation
  • ☰ 31.8. Version Control with Git
• ☰ 32. Advanced Geometry
  • ☰ 32.1. Parameterized Geometry
  • ☰ 32.2. Replica Volumes
  • ☰ 32.3. Nested Geometry
  • ☰ 32.4. Complex Detector Arrays
  • ☰ 32.5. Importing CAD Geometry
  • ☰ 32.6. Exporting Geometry with GDML
• ☰ 33. Optical Photons
  • ☰ 33.1. Introduction to Optical Physics
  • ☰ 33.2. Optical Photons
  • ☰ 33.3. Material Optical Properties
  • ☰ 33.4. Scintillation Light
  • ☰ 33.5. Optical Surfaces
  • ☰ 33.6. Photodetectors
  • ☰ 33.7. Counting Optical Photons
• ☰ 34. Medical Physics Applications
  • ☰ 34.1. Geant4 in Medical Physics
  • ☰ 34.2. Radiation Dose Simulation
  • ☰ 34.3. PET Simulation
  • ☰ 34.4. SPECT Simulation
  • ☰ 34.5. Radiotherapy Simulation
  • ☰ 34.6. Proton Therapy Simulation
  • ☰ 34.7. Biological Tissue Materials
• ☰ 35. Final Project
  • ☰ 35.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 35.2. Define the Simulation Goal
  • ☰ 35.3. Create the Geometry
  • ☰ 35.4. Define Materials
  • ☰ 35.5. Configure the Particle Source
  • ☰ 35.6. Select the Physics List
  • ☰ 35.7. Implement Sensitive Detectors
  • ☰ 35.8. Record Simulation Data
  • ☰ 35.9. Run the Simulation
  • ☰ 35.10. Analyze the Results with ROOT
  • ☰ 35.11. Validate the Simulation
  • ☰ 35.12. Create Scientific Figures
  • ☰ 35.13. Document the Simulation
• ☰ 36. Appendices
  • ☰ 36.1. Geant4 Class Cheat Sheet
  • ☰ 36.2. Geant4 Units Cheat Sheet
  • ☰ 36.3. Common Geant4 Macro Commands
  • ☰ 36.4. Common Geometry Classes
  • ☰ 36.5. Common Particle Definitions
  • ☰ 36.6. Common Physics Lists
  • ☰ 36.7. G4AnalysisManager Cheat Sheet
  • ☰ 36.8. Common Visualization Commands
  • ☰ 36.9. Common Geant4 Errors and Solutions
  • ☰ 36.10. Recommended Geant4 Project Structure
  • ☰ 36.11. Recommended Geant4 Simulation Workflow