24 Practical Example: Radiation Shielding

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• ☰ 1 Introduction to Geant4
  • ☰ 1.1 What Is Geant4?
  • ☰ 1.2 How Geant4 Works
  • ☰ 1.3 Geant4 Simulation Structure
  • ☰ 1.4 Geant4 and C++
• ☰ 2 Installing Geant4
  • ☰ 2.1 Geant4 Requirements
  • ☰ 2.2 Installing Geant4 on Linux
  • ☰ 2.3 Installing Visualization Libraries
  • ☰ 2.4 Verifying the Installation
  • ☰ 2.5 Geant4 Example Applications
• ☰ 3 C++ Basics for Geant4
  • ☰ 3.1 Classes and Objects
  • ☰ 3.2 Inheritance
  • ☰ 3.3 Pointers and References
  • ☰ 3.4 Header and Source Files
  • ☰ 3.5 Standard Library Containers
• ☰ 4 Creating Your First Geant4 Project
  • ☰ 4.1 Project Structure
  • ☰ 4.2 CMake Configuration
  • ☰ 4.3 The Main Program
  • ☰ 4.4 User Initialization Classes
  • ☰ 4.5 Building and Running
• ☰ 5 Geant4 Units and Constants
  • ☰ 5.1 Geant4 Unit System
  • ☰ 5.2 Using Units in C++
  • ☰ 5.3 Physical Constants
  • ☰ 5.4 Printing Values with Units
• ☰ 6 Creating the Simulation World
  • ☰ 6.1 DetectorConstruction
  • ☰ 6.2 Solids
  • ☰ 6.3 Logical Volumes
  • ☰ 6.4 Physical Volumes
  • ☰ 6.5 Creating the World Volume
• ☰ 7 Materials
  • ☰ 7.1 Geant4 Materials
  • ☰ 7.2 NIST Material Database
  • ☰ 7.3 Common Materials
  • ☰ 7.4 Creating Custom Materials
  • ☰ 7.5 Detector Materials
• ☰ 8 Building Detector Geometry
  • ☰ 8.1 Basic Geometrical Shapes
  • ☰ 8.2 Boolean Solids
  • ☰ 8.3 Positioning Volumes
  • ☰ 8.4 Repeated Geometry
  • ☰ 8.5 Detector Arrays
  • ☰ 8.6 Geometry Overlap Checking
• ☰ 9 Geometry Visualization
  • ☰ 9.1 Visualization in Geant4
  • ☰ 9.2 Starting the Visualization System
  • ☰ 9.3 Changing the View
  • ☰ 9.4 Visualization Attributes
  • ☰ 9.5 Displaying Particle Tracks
• ☰ 10 Primary Particle Generation
  • ☰ 10.1 PrimaryGeneratorAction
  • ☰ 10.2 Particle Gun
  • ☰ 10.3 Particle Energy
  • ☰ 10.4 Particle Position
  • ☰ 10.5 Particle Direction
  • ☰ 10.6 Common Particle Sources
• ☰ 11 General Particle Source
  • ☰ 11.1 Introduction to GPS
  • ☰ 11.2 Position Distributions
  • ☰ 11.3 Angular Distributions
  • ☰ 11.4 Energy Distributions
  • ☰ 11.5 Configuring Sources with Macros
• ☰ 12 Physics Lists
  • ☰ 12.1 What Is a Physics List?
  • ☰ 12.2 Reference Physics Lists
  • ☰ 12.3 Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 12.4 Gamma Interactions
  • ☰ 12.5 Positron Physics
  • ☰ 12.6 Hadronic Physics
  • ☰ 12.7 Choosing a Physics List
• ☰ 13 Particle Tracking
  • ☰ 13.1 Tracks
  • ☰ 13.2 Steps
  • ☰ 13.3 Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 13.4 Track Status
  • ☰ 13.5 Parent and Secondary Particles
• ☰ 14 User Actions
  • ☰ 14.1 RunAction
  • ☰ 14.2 EventAction
  • ☰ 14.3 SteppingAction
  • ☰ 14.4 TrackingAction
  • ☰ 14.5 StackingAction
  • ☰ 14.6 ActionInitialization
• ☰ 15 Sensitive Detectors
  • ☰ 15.1 What Is a Sensitive Detector?
  • ☰ 15.2 Creating a Sensitive Detector
  • ☰ 15.3 Hits
  • ☰ 15.4 Hit Collections
  • ☰ 15.5 Assigning Sensitive Detectors
• ☰ 16 Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 16.1 Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 16.2 Energy per Event
  • ☰ 16.3 Energy per Detector
  • ☰ 16.4 Energy Spectra
  • ☰ 16.5 Detector Efficiency
• ☰ 17 Particle Position and Timing
  • ☰ 17.1 Particle Position
  • ☰ 17.2 Interaction Position
  • ☰ 17.3 Global Time
  • ☰ 17.4 Time of Flight
  • ☰ 17.5 Detector Timing
• ☰ 18 Geant4 Analysis System
  • ☰ 18.1 Introduction to G4AnalysisManager
  • ☰ 18.2 Histograms
  • ☰ 18.3 Ntuples
  • ☰ 18.4 Filling Ntuples
  • ☰ 18.5 Writing Output Files
  • ☰ 18.6 Closing Analysis Files
• ☰ 19 Geant4 and ROOT
  • ☰ 19.1 ROOT Output from Geant4
  • ☰ 19.2 Reading Geant4 Output with ROOT
  • ☰ 19.3 Plotting Energy Spectra
  • ☰ 19.4 Event Analysis
  • ☰ 19.5 Simulation-to-Analysis Workflow
• ☰ 20 Geant4 Macro Commands
  • ☰ 20.1 Macro Files
  • ☰ 20.2 Run Commands
  • ☰ 20.3 Particle Source Commands
  • ☰ 20.4 Visualization Commands
  • ☰ 20.5 Controlling Simulations Without Recompiling
• ☰ 21 Random Numbers and Reproducibility
  • ☰ 21.1 Monte Carlo Random Numbers
  • ☰ 21.2 Setting Random Seeds
  • ☰ 21.3 Running Independent Simulations
  • ☰ 21.4 Reproducing an Event
• ☰ 22 Multithreading
  • ☰ 22.1 Geant4 Multithreading
  • ☰ 22.2 Running with Multiple Threads
  • ☰ 22.3 Thread-Safe User Code
  • ☰ 22.4 Analysis with Multithreading
  • ☰ 22.5 Performance Considerations
• ☰ 23 Practical Example: Gamma-Ray Detector
  • ☰ 23.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 23.2 Creating the World
  • ☰ 23.3 Creating the Detector
  • ☰ 23.4 Adding the Material
  • ☰ 23.5 Creating a Gamma Source
  • ☰ 23.6 Selecting Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 23.7 Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 23.8 Creating an Energy Spectrum
  • ☰ 23.9 Simulating Detector Resolution
  • ☰ 23.10 Analyzing the Spectrum with ROOT
• ☰ 24 Practical Example: Radiation Shielding
  • ☰ 24.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 24.2 Creating the Source
  • ☰ 24.3 Creating the Shield
  • ☰ 24.4 Comparing Shielding Materials
  • ☰ 24.5 Varying Shield Thickness
  • ☰ 24.6 Recording Transmitted Particles
  • ☰ 24.7 Calculating Transmission
  • ☰ 24.8 Calculating Attenuation
  • ☰ 24.9 Comparing Simulation Results
• ☰ 25 Practical Example: PET Scanner
  • ☰ 25.1 Introduction to PET Simulation
  • ☰ 25.2 Creating a PET Detector Ring
  • ☰ 25.3 Creating Detector Crystals
  • ☰ 25.4 Assigning Detector IDs
  • ☰ 25.5 Creating a Positron Source
  • ☰ 25.6 Simulating Positron Annihilation
  • ☰ 25.7 Recording Detector Hits
  • ☰ 25.8 Applying an Energy Window
  • ☰ 25.9 Finding Coincidence Events
  • ☰ 25.10 Recording Detector Positions
  • ☰ 25.11 Creating Lines of Response
  • ☰ 25.12 Saving PET Events to ROOT
  • ☰ 25.13 Analyzing PET Data with ROOT
• ☰ 26 Practical Example: Proton Beam in Water
  • ☰ 26.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 26.2 Creating the Water Phantom
  • ☰ 26.3 Creating a Proton Beam
  • ☰ 26.4 Selecting the Physics List
  • ☰ 26.5 Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 26.6 Dividing the Phantom into Slices
  • ☰ 26.7 Calculating Depth Dose
  • ☰ 26.8 Observing the Bragg Peak
  • ☰ 26.9 Plotting the Depth-Dose Curve
• ☰ 27 Detector Resolution and Smearing
  • ☰ 27.1 Ideal vs Realistic Detector Response
  • ☰ 27.2 Energy Resolution
  • ☰ 27.3 Position Resolution
  • ☰ 27.4 Time Resolution
  • ☰ 27.5 Applying Detector Effects
  • ☰ 27.6 Comparing Ideal and Smeared Results
• ☰ 28 Simulation Validation
  • ☰ 28.1 Why Validate a Simulation?
  • ☰ 28.2 Checking Geometry
  • ☰ 28.3 Checking Energy Conservation
  • ☰ 28.4 Comparing with Analytical Calculations
  • ☰ 28.5 Comparing with Reference Data
  • ☰ 28.6 Statistical Uncertainties
  • ☰ 28.7 Number of Simulated Events
• ☰ 29 Improving Simulation Performance
  • ☰ 29.1 Geometry Performance
  • ☰ 29.2 Physics List Performance
  • ☰ 29.3 Production Cuts
  • ☰ 29.4 Reducing Unnecessary Output
  • ☰ 29.5 Multithreading
  • ☰ 29.6 Running Large Simulations
  • ☰ 29.7 Parameter Scans
• ☰ 30 Debugging Geant4 Simulations
  • ☰ 30.1 Compilation Errors
  • ☰ 30.2 Geometry Errors
  • ☰ 30.3 Overlapping Volumes
  • ☰ 30.4 Missing Particles
  • ☰ 30.5 Missing Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 30.6 Physics List Problems
  • ☰ 30.7 Sensitive Detector Problems
  • ☰ 30.8 Empty Output Files
  • ☰ 30.9 Segmentation Faults
  • ☰ 30.10 Using Geant4 Verbose Output
• ☰ 31 Writing Better Geant4 Applications
  • ☰ 31.1 Organizing Source Code
  • ☰ 31.2 Separating Geometry and Analysis
  • ☰ 31.3 Using Configuration Parameters
  • ☰ 31.4 Avoiding Hard-Coded Values
  • ☰ 31.5 Creating Reusable Detector Components
  • ☰ 31.6 Naming Conventions
  • ☰ 31.7 Documentation
  • ☰ 31.8 Version Control with Git
• ☰ 32 Advanced Geometry
  • ☰ 32.1 Parameterized Geometry
  • ☰ 32.2 Replica Volumes
  • ☰ 32.3 Nested Geometry
  • ☰ 32.4 Complex Detector Arrays
  • ☰ 32.5 Importing CAD Geometry
  • ☰ 32.6 Exporting Geometry with GDML
• ☰ 33 Optical Photons
  • ☰ 33.1 Introduction to Optical Physics
  • ☰ 33.2 Optical Photons
  • ☰ 33.3 Material Optical Properties
  • ☰ 33.4 Scintillation Light
  • ☰ 33.5 Optical Surfaces
  • ☰ 33.6 Photodetectors
  • ☰ 33.7 Counting Optical Photons
• ☰ 34 Medical Physics Applications
  • ☰ 34.1 Geant4 in Medical Physics
  • ☰ 34.2 Radiation Dose Simulation
  • ☰ 34.3 PET Simulation
  • ☰ 34.4 SPECT Simulation
  • ☰ 34.5 Radiotherapy Simulation
  • ☰ 34.6 Proton Therapy Simulation
  • ☰ 34.7 Biological Tissue Materials
• ☰ 35 Final Project
  • ☰ 35.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 35.2 Define the Simulation Goal
  • ☰ 35.3 Create the Geometry
  • ☰ 35.4 Define Materials
  • ☰ 35.5 Configure the Particle Source
  • ☰ 35.6 Select the Physics List
  • ☰ 35.7 Implement Sensitive Detectors
  • ☰ 35.8 Record Simulation Data
  • ☰ 35.9 Run the Simulation
  • ☰ 35.10 Analyze the Results with ROOT
  • ☰ 35.11 Validate the Simulation
  • ☰ 35.12 Create Scientific Figures
  • ☰ 35.13 Document the Simulation
• ☰ 36 Appendices
  • ☰ 36.1 Geant4 Class Cheat Sheet
  • ☰ 36.2 Geant4 Units Cheat Sheet
  • ☰ 36.3 Common Geant4 Macro Commands
  • ☰ 36.4 Common Geometry Classes
  • ☰ 36.5 Common Particle Definitions
  • ☰ 36.6 Common Physics Lists
  • ☰ 36.7 G4AnalysisManager Cheat Sheet
  • ☰ 36.8 Common Visualization Commands
  • ☰ 36.9 Common Geant4 Errors and Solutions
  • ☰ 36.10 Recommended Geant4 Project Structure
  • ☰ 36.11 Recommended Geant4 Simulation Workflow