Early History | History

☰ 1. What is History?

☰ 1.1. History & Research
- ☰ 1.1.1. The Many Meanings of History
- ☰ 1.1.2. Science & Writing of History
- ☰ 1.1.3. How History Develops
☰ 1.2. Thinking & Working Historically
☰ 1.3. Methods & Working Techniques
☰ 1.4. Timekeeping and Historical Dating

☰ 2. Early History

☰ 2.1. The Old Stone Age
☰ 2.2. The New Stone Age
☰ 2.3. The Bronze Age
☰ 2.4. The Iron Age

☰ 3. High Civilisations

☰ 3.1. Mesopotamia
- ☰ 3.1.1. Geographical Conditions
- ☰ 3.1.2. The Sumerian City-States
- ☰ 3.1.3. Great Empires of the Semitic Peoples
- ☰ 3.1.4. Metropolis Babylon
☰ 3.2. Egypt
- ☰ 3.2.1. Development Conditions
- ☰ 3.2.2. Economy & Society
- ☰ 3.2.3. Rule of the Pharao
- ☰ 3.2.4. Religion of the Egyptians
☰ 3.3. Ancient Israel
- ☰ 3.3.1. Immigration and Formation of the Tribal Confederation
- ☰ 3.3.2. The State of Israel Arises
☰ 3.4. The High Civilisations of Asia
- ☰ 3.4.1. Advanced Civilizations in China
  - ☰ 3.4.1.1. Overview of Chinese Dynasties
  - ☰ 3.4.1.2. The Teachings of Confucius
  - ☰ 3.4.1.3. Daoism in China
- ☰ 3.4.2. The Indus/Harappa Civilization
  - ☰ 3.4.2.1. Harappa
  - ☰ 3.4.2.2. Mohenjo-Daro
  - ☰ 3.4.2.3. Buddhism

☰ 4. Classical Antiquity

☰ 4.1. Ancient Greece
- ☰ 4.1.1. Geography of Greece
- ☰ 4.1.2. Man and Myth
- ☰ 4.1.3. Early Period
  - ☰ 4.1.3.1. The Early Cultures of the Aegean
  - ☰ 4.1.3.2. The Mycenaean Culture
  - ☰ 4.1.3.3. The Collapse of the Bronze Age
- ☰ 4.1.4. The Dark Ages
  - ☰ 4.1.4.1. Beginning of the Dark Period
  - ☰ 4.1.4.2. The Emergence of the Polis
  - ☰ 4.1.4.3. Greek Colonization
- ☰ 4.1.5. The Archaic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.5.1. Social and Political Developments
  - ☰ 4.1.5.2. The Early Greek Philosophers (Presocratics)
  - ☰ 4.1.5.3. Art and Architecture of the Archaic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.5.4. Olympian Gods
  - ☰ 4.1.5.5. Iliad & Odyssey
  - ☰ 4.1.5.6. Trojan War
  - ☰ 4.1.5.7. Minotaur & King Minos
- ☰ 4.1.6. The Classic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.6.1. The Persian Wars
  - ☰ 4.1.6.2. Scientific Achievements
  - ☰ 4.1.6.3. The Golden Age of Athens
  - ☰ 4.1.6.4. Greek Tragedy & Comedy
  - ☰ 4.1.6.5. The Philosophy of Classical Greece
  - ☰ 4.1.6.6. The Peloponnesian War
  - ☰ 4.1.6.7. Sparta & the Peloponnesian System
- ☰ 4.1.7. Age of Alexander the Great
  - ☰ 4.1.7.1. The Rise of Macedonia & Philip II
  - ☰ 4.1.7.2. Alexander the Great & the Persian Campaign
- ☰ 4.1.8. The Hellenistic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.8.1. The Diadochi Kingdoms
  - ☰ 4.1.8.2. Hellenistic Culture, Science, and Society
☰ 4.2. The Roman Empire
- ☰ 4.2.1. The Foundation and Early Days
- ☰ 4.2.2. The Roman Republic
- ☰ 4.2.3. The Roman Emperors
  - ☰ 4.2.3.1. The Julio-Claudian Emperors
  - ☰ 4.2.3.2. The Flavian Dynasty
  - ☰ 4.2.3.3. The Five Good Emporers
- ☰ 4.2.4. The Decline of the Roman Empire
  - ☰ 4.2.4.1. The Crisis of the Third Century
  - ☰ 4.2.4.2. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
  - ☰ 4.2.4.3. The Rise of Constantine and the Constantinian Dynasty
  - ☰ 4.2.4.4. The Division of the Empire
  - ☰ 4.2.4.5. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

☰ 5. The Middle Ages

☰ 5.1. The Transition from the Antiquity to the Middle Ages
- ☰ 5.1.1. Migration Period
- ☰ 5.1.2. The Germanic Tribes and Kingdoms
- ☰ 5.1.3. The Periodization of the Middle Ages in Europe
☰ 5.2. The Byzantine Empire
- ☰ 5.2.1. The Emergence of the Byzantine Empire
- ☰ 5.2.2. The Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire
- ☰ 5.2.3. The Decline of the Byzantine Empire
☰ 5.3. The Arabian Empire
- ☰ 5.3.1. Prophet Mohammed and the Foundaion of Islam
- ☰ 5.3.2. The Foundation of the Early Islamic State
- ☰ 5.3.3. The Umayyad Caliphate and the Expansion of the Islamic Empire
- ☰ 5.3.4. The Abbasids and the Golden Age of Islam
- ☰ 5.3.5. The Achievements of Muslim Civilization
☰ 5.4. Kingdom of the Franks
- ☰ 5.4.1. The Merovingian Kingdom
  - ☰ 5.4.1.1. The Emergence of the Feudal System
  - ☰ 5.4.1.2. The Lex Salica
  - ☰ 5.4.1.3. The Christianization of the Germanic Tribes
- ☰ 5.4.2. The Carolingian Realm
  - ☰ 5.4.2.1. The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty
  - ☰ 5.4.2.2. The Carolingian Kingdom under Pepin III
  - ☰ 5.4.2.3. The Coronation of Charlemagne and the Renovatio Romanorum Imper
  - ☰ 5.4.2.4. The Carolingian Renaissance
  - ☰ 5.4.2.5. The Administration of the Carolingian Empire
- ☰ 5.4.3. The Frankish Realms After the Division
- ☰ 5.4.4. The Fundamental Structures of the Frankish Constitutional Order
  - ☰ 5.4.4.1. The Feudal System
  - ☰ 5.4.4.2. Nobility and the Knightly Class
  - ☰ 5.4.4.3. The Training and Formation of a Medieval Knight
  - ☰ 5.4.4.4. The Role of Women at the Medieval Court
  - ☰ 5.4.4.5. Castles as the Living Centers of Nobility and Knighthood
  - ☰ 5.4.4.6. The Decline in the Significance of the Medieval Knight
☰ 5.5. The High Middle Agles
- ☰ 5.5.1. The Beginnings of the German Realm
  - ☰ 5.5.1.1. The Suppression of Rebellions and the Rise of the Imperial Knighthood
  - ☰ 5.5.1.2. The Beginnings of Imperial Policy in Italy
- ☰ 5.5.2. The Church System
  - ☰ 5.5.2.1. The Expansion of Imperial Authority over the Church
  - ☰ 5.5.2.2. The Investiture Controversy
  - ☰ 5.5.2.3. The Life of Monks in the Medieval World
  - ☰ 5.5.2.4. New Orders in the High Middle Ages
  - ☰ 5.5.2.5. The Staufen Era
- ☰ 5.5.3. The Crusades
  - ☰ 5.5.3.1. The New Tasks of the Teutonic Order
  - ☰ 5.5.3.2. The Rural World of the Medieval Peasantry
  - ☰ 5.5.3.3. The Village as the Peasant’s Center of Life
  - ☰ 5.5.3.4. The Manorial System as a Form of Rule over Land and People
  - ☰ 5.5.3.5. The Medieval Agrarian Revolution: The Three-Field System and New Agricultural Tools
  - ☰ 5.5.3.6. Inner Land Development and the Eastward Expansion

2. Early History

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