History · The Dark Ages

☰ 1 What is History?

☰ 1.1 History & Research
- ☰ 1.1.1 The Many Meanings of History
- ☰ 1.1.2 Science & Writing of History
- ☰ 1.1.3 How History Develops
☰ 1.2 Thinking & Working Historically
☰ 1.3 Methods & Working Techniques
☰ 1.4 Timekeeping and Historical Dating

☰ 2 Early History

☰ 2.1 The Old Stone Age
☰ 2.2 The New Stone Age
☰ 2.3 The Bronze Age
☰ 2.4 The Iron Age

☰ 3 High Civilisations

☰ 3.1 Mesopotamia
- ☰ 3.1.1 Geographical Conditions
- ☰ 3.1.2 The Sumerian City-States
- ☰ 3.1.3 Great Empires of the Semitic Peoples
- ☰ 3.1.4 Metropolis Babylon
☰ 3.2 Egypt
- ☰ 3.2.1 Development Conditions
- ☰ 3.2.2 Economy & Society
- ☰ 3.2.3 Rule of the Pharao
- ☰ 3.2.4 Religion of the Egyptians
☰ 3.3 Ancient Israel
- ☰ 3.3.1 Immigration and Formation of the Tribal Confederation
- ☰ 3.3.2 The State of Israel Arises
☰ 3.4 The High Civilisations of Asia
- ☰ 3.4.1 Advanced Civilizations in China
  - ☰ 3.4.1.1 Overview of Chinese Dynasties
  - ☰ 3.4.1.2 The Teachings of Confucius
  - ☰ 3.4.1.3 Daoism in China
- ☰ 3.4.2 The Indus/Harappa Civilization
  - ☰ 3.4.2.1 Harappa
  - ☰ 3.4.2.2 Mohenjo-Daro
  - ☰ 3.4.2.3 Buddhism

☰ 4 Classical Antiquity

☰ 4.1 Ancient Greece
- ☰ 4.1.1 Geography of Greece
- ☰ 4.1.2 Man and Myth
- ☰ 4.1.3 Early Period
  - ☰ 4.1.3.1 The Early Cultures of the Aegean
  - ☰ 4.1.3.2 The Mycenaean Culture
  - ☰ 4.1.3.3 The Collapse of the Bronze Age
- ☰ 4.1.4 The Dark Ages
  - ☰ 4.1.4.1 Beginning of the Dark Period
  - ☰ 4.1.4.2 The Emergence of the Polis
  - ☰ 4.1.4.3 Greek Colonization
- ☰ 4.1.5 The Archaic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.5.1 Social and Political Developments
  - ☰ 4.1.5.2 The Early Greek Philosophers (Presocratics)
  - ☰ 4.1.5.3 Art and Architecture of the Archaic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.5.4 Olympian Gods
  - ☰ 4.1.5.5 Iliad & Odyssey
  - ☰ 4.1.5.6 Trojan War
  - ☰ 4.1.5.7 Minotaur & King Minos
- ☰ 4.1.6 The Classic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.6.1 The Persian Wars
  - ☰ 4.1.6.2 Scientific Achievements
  - ☰ 4.1.6.3 The Golden Age of Athens
  - ☰ 4.1.6.4 Greek Tragedy & Comedy
  - ☰ 4.1.6.5 The Philosophy of Classical Greece
  - ☰ 4.1.6.6 The Peloponnesian War
  - ☰ 4.1.6.7 Sparta & the Peloponnesian System
- ☰ 4.1.7 Age of Alexander the Great
  - ☰ 4.1.7.1 The Rise of Macedonia & Philip II
  - ☰ 4.1.7.2 Alexander the Great & the Persian Campaign
- ☰ 4.1.8 The Hellenistic Period
  - ☰ 4.1.8.1 The Diadochi Kingdoms
  - ☰ 4.1.8.2 Hellenistic Culture, Science, and Society
☰ 4.2 The Roman Empire
- ☰ 4.2.1 The Foundation and Early Days
- ☰ 4.2.2 The Roman Republic
- ☰ 4.2.3 The Roman Emperors
  - ☰ 4.2.3.1 The Julio-Claudian Emperors
  - ☰ 4.2.3.2 The Flavian Dynasty
  - ☰ 4.2.3.3 The Five Good Emporers
- ☰ 4.2.4 The Decline of the Roman Empire
  - ☰ 4.2.4.1 The Crisis of the Third Century
  - ☰ 4.2.4.2 Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
  - ☰ 4.2.4.3 The Rise of Constantine and the Constantinian Dynasty
  - ☰ 4.2.4.4 The Division of the Empire
  - ☰ 4.2.4.5 The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

☰ 5 The Middle Ages

☰ 5.1 The Transition from the Antiquity to the Middle Ages
- ☰ 5.1.1 Migration Period
- ☰ 5.1.2 The Germanic Tribes and Kingdoms
- ☰ 5.1.3 The Periodization of the Middle Ages in Europe
☰ 5.2 The Byzantine Empire
- ☰ 5.2.1 The Emergence of the Byzantine Empire
- ☰ 5.2.2 The Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire
- ☰ 5.2.3 The Decline of the Byzantine Empire
☰ 5.3 The Arabian Empire
- ☰ 5.3.1 Prophet Mohammed and the Foundaion of Islam
- ☰ 5.3.2 The Foundation of the Early Islamic State
- ☰ 5.3.3 The Umayyad Caliphate and the Expansion of the Islamic Empire
- ☰ 5.3.4 The Abbasids and the Golden Age of Islam
- ☰ 5.3.5 The Achievements of Muslim Civilization
☰ 5.4 Kingdom of the Franks
- ☰ 5.4.1 The Merovingian Kingdom
  - ☰ 5.4.1.1 The Emergence of the Feudal System
  - ☰ 5.4.1.2 The Lex Salica
  - ☰ 5.4.1.3 The Christianization of the Germanic Tribes
- ☰ 5.4.2 The Carolingian Realm
  - ☰ 5.4.2.1 The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty
  - ☰ 5.4.2.2 The Carolingian Kingdom under Pepin III
  - ☰ 5.4.2.3 The Coronation of Charlemagne and the Renovatio Romanorum Imper
  - ☰ 5.4.2.4 The Carolingian Renaissance
  - ☰ 5.4.2.5 The Administration of the Carolingian Empire
- ☰ 5.4.3 The Frankish Realms After the Division
- ☰ 5.4.4 The Fundamental Structures of the Frankish Constitutional Order
  - ☰ 5.4.4.1 The Feudal System
  - ☰ 5.4.4.2 Nobility and the Knightly Class
  - ☰ 5.4.4.3 The Training and Formation of a Medieval Knight
  - ☰ 5.4.4.4 The Role of Women at the Medieval Court
  - ☰ 5.4.4.5 Castles as the Living Centers of Nobility and Knighthood
  - ☰ 5.4.4.6 The Decline in the Significance of the Medieval Knight
☰ 5.5 The High Middle Agles
- ☰ 5.5.1 The Beginnings of the German Realm
  - ☰ 5.5.1.1 The Suppression of Rebellions and the Rise of the Imperial Knighthood
  - ☰ 5.5.1.2 The Beginnings of Imperial Policy in Italy
- ☰ 5.5.2 The Church System
  - ☰ 5.5.2.1 The Expansion of Imperial Authority over the Church
  - ☰ 5.5.2.2 The Investiture Controversy
  - ☰ 5.5.2.3 The Life of Monks in the Medieval World
  - ☰ 5.5.2.4 New Orders in the High Middle Ages
  - ☰ 5.5.2.5 The Staufen Era
- ☰ 5.5.3 The Crusades
  - ☰ 5.5.3.1 The New Tasks of the Teutonic Order
  - ☰ 5.5.3.2 The Rural World of the Medieval Peasantry
  - ☰ 5.5.3.3 The Village as the Peasant’s Center of Life
  - ☰ 5.5.3.4 The Manorial System as a Form of Rule over Land and People
  - ☰ 5.5.3.5 The Medieval Agrarian Revolution: The Three-Field System and New Agricultural Tools
  - ☰ 5.5.3.6 Inner Land Development and the Eastward Expansion

4.1.4 The Dark Ages

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