Chemistry

Where to Move

Move chapter:

• ☰ 1. Chemistry: A Natural Science
  • ☰ 1.1. Chemistry within the Canon of the Natural Sciences
  • ☰ 1.2. Ways of Thinking and Working in Chemistry
    • ☰ 1.2.1. Concepts and Quantities
    • ☰ 1.2.2. Laws, Models, and Theories in Chemistry
    • ☰ 1.2.3. Gaining Knowledge in Chemistry
    • ☰ 1.2.4. Preparation, Execution, and Evaluation of Chemical Experiments
  • ☰ 1.3. Stoichiometry
    • ☰ 1.3.1. Molar and Compositional Quantities
    • ☰ 1.3.2. Calculations Involving Chemical Reactions
• ☰ 2. Nuclear Chemistry and the Origin of the Elements
  • ☰ 2.1. Nuclear Chemistry
    • ☰ 2.1.1. Nuclear Building Blocks – Nucleons
    • ☰ 2.1.2. Stability of Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Reactions
    • ☰ 2.1.3. Origin of the Elements
    • ☰ 2.1.4. Nuclear Synthesis of the Elements
    • ☰ 2.1.5. Abundance of the Elements
• ☰ 3. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
  • ☰ 3.1. Atomic Structure
    • ☰ 3.1.1. Historical Development of Atomic Models
    • ☰ 3.1.2. The Atomic Model According to Bohr and Sommerfeld
    • ☰ 3.1.3. The Modern Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
  • ☰ 3.2. The Periodic Table of the Elements
    • ☰ 3.2.1. History
    • ☰ 3.2.2. Ordering Principles of the Periodic Table
    • ☰ 3.2.3. Periodicity of Properties
• ☰ 4. Chemical Bonding
  • ☰ 4.1. Main Types of Chemical Bonds
    • ☰ 4.1.1. Overview
    • ☰ 4.1.2. Covalent Bonding
    • ☰ 4.1.3. Ionic Bonding
    • ☰ 4.1.4. Metallic Bonding
  • ☰ 4.2. Special Intermolecular Interactions
    • ☰ 4.2.1. van der Waals Forces
    • ☰ 4.2.2. Hydrogen Bonding
• ☰ 5. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry
  • ☰ 5.1. Chemical Thermodynamics
    • ☰ 5.1.1. Energy and Conservation of Energy
    • ☰ 5.1.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics
    • ☰ 5.1.3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • ☰ 5.1.4. Gibbs Free Energy
  • ☰ 5.2. Electrochemical Processes
    • ☰ 5.2.1. Electrical Conduction and Electrolytes
    • ☰ 5.2.2. Electrodes and Electrode Potentials
    • ☰ 5.2.3. Electrochemical Cells and Cell Voltage
    • ☰ 5.2.4. Electrolytic Processes
  • ☰ 5.3. Chemical Kinetics
    • ☰ 5.3.1. Time Course of Chemical Reactions
    • ☰ 5.3.2. Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
    • ☰ 5.3.3. Catalysts and Catalysis
• ☰ 6. Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action
  • ☰ 6.1. Chemical Equilibrium
    • ☰ 6.1.1. Reversibility of Chemical Reactions
    • ☰ 6.1.2. Establishment of Chemical Equilibrium
    • ☰ 6.1.3. Law of Mass Action and the Equilibrium Constant
    • ☰ 6.1.4. Relationship Between the Equilibrium Constant and Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change
  • ☰ 6.2. Shifting Chemical Equilibria
    • ☰ 6.2.1. Influence of Temperature and Pressure
    • ☰ 6.2.2. Influence of Additional Reaction Conditions
  • ☰ 6.3. Applications of the Law of Mass Action
    • ☰ 6.3.1. The Ammonia Equilibrium
    • ☰ 6.3.2. Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
• ☰ 7. Proton and Electron Transfer Reactions
  • ☰ 7.1. Acids and Bases
    • ☰ 7.1.1. Brønsted Acid–Base Theory
    • ☰ 7.1.2. Acid–Base Equilibria
    • ☰ 7.1.3. Amphoterism
    • ☰ 7.1.4. Neutralization Reactions
    • ☰ 7.1.5. Lewis Acid–Base Theory
    • ☰ 7.1.6. Acids and Bases in Everyday Life
  • ☰ 7.2. Redox Reactions
    • ☰ 7.2.1. Redox Reactions as Donor–Acceptor Reactions
    • ☰ 7.2.2. Oxidation Numbers
    • ☰ 7.2.3. Balancing Redox Equations
    • ☰ 7.2.4. Standard Redox Potentials and Redox Equilibria
    • ☰ 7.2.5. Applications of Redox Reactions
• ☰ 8. Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry
  • ☰ 8.1. Main Group Elements and Their Compounds
    • ☰ 8.1.1. Occurrence and Preparation of the Elements
    • ☰ 8.1.2. Compounds of the Main Group Elements
  • ☰ 8.2. Properties of Transition Elements
    • ☰ 8.2.1. Occurrence and Preparation of d-Block Elements
    • ☰ 8.2.2. Properties and Uses of d-Block Elements
  • ☰ 8.3. Coordination Chemistry
    • ☰ 8.3.1. Structure and Nomenclature of Complexes
    • ☰ 8.3.2. Synthesis of Coordination Compounds
    • ☰ 8.3.3. Stability of Coordination Compounds
    • ☰ 8.3.4. Bonding in Complexes
    • ☰ 8.3.5. Properties and Importance of Complexes
• ☰ 9. Structures and Reactions of Organic Compounds
  • ☰ 9.1. General Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
    • ☰ 9.1.1. Names, Formulas, and Structures
    • ☰ 9.1.2. Electronic Effects in Organic Compounds
    • ☰ 9.1.3. The Concept of Isomerism
    • ☰ 9.1.4. Reagents, Substrates, and Reactions
    • ☰ 9.1.5. Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry
  • ☰ 9.2. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.2.1. Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.2.2. Saturated Chain Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.2.3. Unsaturated Chain Hydrocarbons
  • ☰ 9.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.3.1. The Aromatic State
    • ☰ 9.3.2. Substituted Benzenes
    • ☰ 9.3.3. Biological Activity of Aromatic Compounds
  • ☰ 9.4. Structures and Reactions of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
    • ☰ 9.4.1. Functional Groups
    • ☰ 9.4.2. Haloalkanes
    • ☰ 9.4.3. Amines
    • ☰ 9.4.4. Alcohols and Phenols
    • ☰ 9.4.5. Ethers
    • ☰ 9.4.6. Carbonyl Compounds
    • ☰ 9.4.7. Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • ☰ 9.5. Natural Products
    • ☰ 9.5.1. Carbohydrates
    • ☰ 9.5.2. Fats
    • ☰ 9.5.3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
  • ☰ 9.6. Chemistry in Biological Systems
    • ☰ 9.6.1. Metabolism and Biocatalysis
    • ☰ 9.6.2. Autotrophic Assimilation – Photosynthesis
    • ☰ 9.6.3. Heterotrophic Assimilation
    • ☰ 9.6.4. Dissimilation – Respiration
    • ☰ 9.6.5. Dissimilation – Fermentation
• ☰ 10. Selected Applications in Chemistry
  • ☰ 10.1. Materials
    • ☰ 10.1.1. Structure and Formation of Synthetic Organic Polymers
    • ☰ 10.1.2. Structure and Properties of Plastics
    • ☰ 10.1.3. Processing of Plastics
    • ☰ 10.1.4. Tailor-Made Synthetic Polymers
    • ☰ 10.1.5. Plastic Recycling
    • ☰ 10.1.6. Metallic Materials
    • ☰ 10.1.7. Silicones, Silicates, and Glass
  • ☰ 10.2. Dyes
    • ☰ 10.2.1. Fundamentals of Color
    • ☰ 10.2.2. Natural Dyes
    • ☰ 10.2.3. Synthetic Dyes
    • ☰ 10.2.4. Dyeing Processes
  • ☰ 10.3. Pharmaceuticals
    • ☰ 10.3.1. Development of Pharmaceuticals
    • ☰ 10.3.2. Mechanism of Action of Drugs
    • ☰ 10.3.3. Drug Synthesis
  • ☰ 10.4. Surfactants and Detergents
    • ☰ 10.4.1. Surfactants as Surface-Active Substances
    • ☰ 10.4.2. Applications of Surfactants
    • ☰ 10.4.3. Detergents
  • ☰ 10.5. Selected Chemical Engineering Processes
    • ☰ 10.5.1. Characteristics of Chemical Engineering Processes
    • ☰ 10.5.2. Industrial Production of Ammonia
    • ☰ 10.5.3. Industrial Production of Nitric Acid
    • ☰ 10.5.4. Industrial Production of Sulfuric Acid
    • ☰ 10.5.5. Production of Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide – Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis
    • ☰ 10.5.6. Production of Aluminum by Molten Salt Electrolysis
    • ☰ 10.5.7. Petroleum Processing – Production of Fuels and Raw Materials
  • ☰ 10.6. Environmental Chemistry
    • ☰ 10.6.1. Release of Chemicals into the Environment
    • ☰ 10.6.2. Matter Cycles
    • ☰ 10.6.3. Atmospheric Pollution
    • ☰ 10.6.4. Water Pollution
    • ☰ 10.6.5. Soil Pollution
• ☰ 11. Analytical Methods
  • ☰ 11.1. Classical Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.1.1. Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
    • ☰ 11.1.2. Analysis of Organic Compounds
  • ☰ 11.2. Instrumental Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.2.1. Electrochemical Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.2.2. Chromatographic Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.2.3. Spectroscopic Analytical Methods