Chemistry

Where to Move

Move chapter:

• ☰ 1 Chemistry – A Natural Science
  • ☰ 1.1 Chemistry within the Canon of the Natural Sciences
  • ☰ 1.2 Ways of Thinking and Working in Chemistry
    • ☰ 1.2.1 Concepts and Quantities
    • ☰ 1.2.2 Laws, Models, and Theories in Chemistry
    • ☰ 1.2.3 Gaining Knowledge in Chemistry
    • ☰ 1.2.4 Preparation, Execution, and Evaluation of Chemical Experiments
  • ☰ 1.3 Stoichiometry
    • ☰ 1.3.1 Molar and Compositional Quantities
    • ☰ 1.3.2 Calculations Involving Chemical Reactions
• ☰ 2 Nuclear Chemistry and the Origin of the Elements
  • ☰ 2.1 Nuclear Chemistry
    • ☰ 2.1.1 Nuclear Building Blocks – Nucleons
    • ☰ 2.1.2 Stability of Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Reactions
    • ☰ 2.1.3 Origin of the Elements
    • ☰ 2.1.4 Nuclear Synthesis of the Elements
    • ☰ 2.1.5 Abundance of the Elements
• ☰ 3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
  • ☰ 3.1 Atomic Structure
    • ☰ 3.1.1 Historical Development of Atomic Models
    • ☰ 3.1.2 The Atomic Model According to Bohr and Sommerfeld
    • ☰ 3.1.3 The Modern Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
  • ☰ 3.2 The Periodic Table of the Elements
    • ☰ 3.2.1 History
    • ☰ 3.2.2 Ordering Principles of the Periodic Table
    • ☰ 3.2.3 Periodicity of Properties
• ☰ 4 Chemical Bonding
  • ☰ 4.1 Main Types of Chemical Bonds
    • ☰ 4.1.1 Overview
    • ☰ 4.1.2 Covalent Bonding
    • ☰ 4.1.3 Ionic Bonding
    • ☰ 4.1.4 Metallic Bonding
  • ☰ 4.2 Special Intermolecular Interactions
    • ☰ 4.2.1 van der Waals Forces
    • ☰ 4.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding
• ☰ 5 Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry
  • ☰ 5.1 Chemical Thermodynamics
    • ☰ 5.1.1 Energy and Conservation of Energy
    • ☰ 5.1.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
    • ☰ 5.1.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • ☰ 5.1.4 Gibbs Free Energy
  • ☰ 5.2 Electrochemical Processes
    • ☰ 5.2.1 Electrical Conduction and Electrolytes
    • ☰ 5.2.2 Electrodes and Electrode Potentials
    • ☰ 5.2.3 Electrochemical Cells and Cell Voltage
    • ☰ 5.2.4 Electrolytic Processes
  • ☰ 5.3 Chemical Kinetics
    • ☰ 5.3.1 Time Course of Chemical Reactions
    • ☰ 5.3.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
    • ☰ 5.3.3 Catalysts and Catalysis
• ☰ 6 Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action
  • ☰ 6.1 Chemical Equilibrium
    • ☰ 6.1.1 Reversibility of Chemical Reactions
    • ☰ 6.1.2 Establishment of Chemical Equilibrium
    • ☰ 6.1.3 Law of Mass Action and the Equilibrium Constant
    • ☰ 6.1.4 Relationship Between the Equilibrium Constant and Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change
  • ☰ 6.2 Shifting Chemical Equilibria
    • ☰ 6.2.1 Influence of Temperature and Pressure
    • ☰ 6.2.2 Influence of Additional Reaction Conditions
  • ☰ 6.3 Applications of the Law of Mass Action
    • ☰ 6.3.1 The Ammonia Equilibrium
    • ☰ 6.3.2 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
• ☰ 7 Proton and Electron Transfer Reactions
  • ☰ 7.1 Acids and Bases
    • ☰ 7.1.1 Brønsted Acid–Base Theory
    • ☰ 7.1.2 Acid–Base Equilibria
    • ☰ 7.1.3 Amphoterism
    • ☰ 7.1.4 Neutralization Reactions
    • ☰ 7.1.5 Lewis Acid–Base Theory
    • ☰ 7.1.6 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life
  • ☰ 7.2 Redox Reactions
    • ☰ 7.2.1 Redox Reactions as Donor–Acceptor Reactions
    • ☰ 7.2.2 Oxidation Numbers
    • ☰ 7.2.3 Balancing Redox Equations
    • ☰ 7.2.4 Standard Redox Potentials and Redox Equilibria
    • ☰ 7.2.5 Applications of Redox Reactions
• ☰ 8 Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry
  • ☰ 8.1 Main Group Elements and Their Compounds
    • ☰ 8.1.1 Occurrence and Preparation of the Elements
    • ☰ 8.1.2 Compounds of the Main Group Elements
  • ☰ 8.2 Properties of Transition Elements
    • ☰ 8.2.1 Occurrence and Preparation of d-Block Elements
    • ☰ 8.2.2 Properties and Uses of d-Block Elements
  • ☰ 8.3 Coordination Chemistry
    • ☰ 8.3.1 Structure and Nomenclature of Complexes
    • ☰ 8.3.2 Synthesis of Coordination Compounds
    • ☰ 8.3.3 Stability of Coordination Compounds
    • ☰ 8.3.4 Bonding in Complexes
    • ☰ 8.3.5 Properties and Importance of Complexes
• ☰ 9 Structures and Reactions of Organic Compounds
  • ☰ 9.1 General Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
    • ☰ 9.1.1 Names, Formulas, and Structures
    • ☰ 9.1.2 Electronic Effects in Organic Compounds
    • ☰ 9.1.3 The Concept of Isomerism
    • ☰ 9.1.4 Reagents, Substrates, and Reactions
    • ☰ 9.1.5 Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry
  • ☰ 9.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.2.1 Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.2.2 Saturated Chain Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.2.3 Unsaturated Chain Hydrocarbons
  • ☰ 9.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    • ☰ 9.3.1 The Aromatic State
    • ☰ 9.3.2 Substituted Benzenes
    • ☰ 9.3.3 Biological Activity of Aromatic Compounds
  • ☰ 9.4 Structures and Reactions of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
    • ☰ 9.4.1 Functional Groups
    • ☰ 9.4.2 Haloalkanes
    • ☰ 9.4.3 Amines
    • ☰ 9.4.4 Alcohols and Phenols
    • ☰ 9.4.5 Ethers
    • ☰ 9.4.6 Carbonyl Compounds
    • ☰ 9.4.7 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • ☰ 9.5 Natural Products
    • ☰ 9.5.1 Carbohydrates
    • ☰ 9.5.2 Fats
    • ☰ 9.5.3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
  • ☰ 9.6 Chemistry in Biological Systems
    • ☰ 9.6.1 Metabolism and Biocatalysis
    • ☰ 9.6.2 Autotrophic Assimilation – Photosynthesis
    • ☰ 9.6.3 Heterotrophic Assimilation
    • ☰ 9.6.4 Dissimilation – Respiration
    • ☰ 9.6.5 Dissimilation – Fermentation
• ☰ 10 Selected Applications in Chemistry
  • ☰ 10.1 Materials
    • ☰ 10.1.1 Structure and Formation of Synthetic Organic Polymers
    • ☰ 10.1.2 Structure and Properties of Plastics
    • ☰ 10.1.3 Processing of Plastics
    • ☰ 10.1.4 Tailor-Made Synthetic Polymers
    • ☰ 10.1.5 Plastic Recycling
    • ☰ 10.1.6 Metallic Materials
    • ☰ 10.1.7 Silicones, Silicates, and Glass
  • ☰ 10.2 Dyes
    • ☰ 10.2.1 Fundamentals of Color
    • ☰ 10.2.2 Natural Dyes
    • ☰ 10.2.3 Synthetic Dyes
    • ☰ 10.2.4 Dyeing Processes
  • ☰ 10.3 Pharmaceuticals
    • ☰ 10.3.1 Development of Pharmaceuticals
    • ☰ 10.3.2 Mechanism of Action of Drugs
    • ☰ 10.3.3 Drug Synthesis
  • ☰ 10.4 Surfactants and Detergents
    • ☰ 10.4.1 Surfactants as Surface-Active Substances
    • ☰ 10.4.2 Applications of Surfactants
    • ☰ 10.4.3 Detergents
  • ☰ 10.5 Selected Chemical Engineering Processes
    • ☰ 10.5.1 Characteristics of Chemical Engineering Processes
    • ☰ 10.5.2 Industrial Production of Ammonia
    • ☰ 10.5.3 Industrial Production of Nitric Acid
    • ☰ 10.5.4 Industrial Production of Sulfuric Acid
    • ☰ 10.5.5 Production of Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide – Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis
    • ☰ 10.5.6 Production of Aluminum by Molten Salt Electrolysis
    • ☰ 10.5.7 Petroleum Processing – Production of Fuels and Raw Materials
  • ☰ 10.6 Environmental Chemistry
    • ☰ 10.6.1 Release of Chemicals into the Environment
    • ☰ 10.6.2 Matter Cycles
    • ☰ 10.6.3 Atmospheric Pollution
    • ☰ 10.6.4 Water Pollution
    • ☰ 10.6.5 Soil Pollution
• ☰ 11 Analytical Methods
  • ☰ 11.1 Classical Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.1.1 Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
    • ☰ 11.1.2 Analysis of Organic Compounds
  • ☰ 11.2 Instrumental Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.2.1 Electrochemical Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.2.2 Chromatographic Analytical Methods
    • ☰ 11.2.3 Spectroscopic Analytical Methods