Chemistry

☰ 1 Chemistry: A Natural Science

☰ 1.1 Chemistry within the Canon of the Natural Sciences
☰ 1.2 Ways of Thinking and Working in Chemistry
- ☰ 1.2.1 Concepts and Quantities
- ☰ 1.2.2 Laws, Models, and Theories in Chemistry
- ☰ 1.2.3 Gaining Knowledge in Chemistry
- ☰ 1.2.4 Preparation, Execution, and Evaluation of Chemical Experiments
☰ 1.3 Stoichiometry
- ☰ 1.3.1 Molar and Compositional Quantities
- ☰ 1.3.2 Calculations Involving Chemical Reactions

☰ 2 Nuclear Chemistry and the Origin of the Elements

☰ 3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

☰ 3.1 Atomic Structure
- ☰ 3.1.1 Historical Development of Atomic Models
- ☰ 3.1.2 The Atomic Model According to Bohr and Sommerfeld
- ☰ 3.1.3 The Modern Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
☰ 3.2 The Periodic Table of the Elements
- ☰ 3.2.1 History
- ☰ 3.2.2 Ordering Principles of the Periodic Table
- ☰ 3.2.3 Periodicity of Properties

☰ 4 Chemical Bonding

☰ 4.1 Main Types of Chemical Bonds
- ☰ 4.1.1 Overview
- ☰ 4.1.2 Covalent Bonding
- ☰ 4.1.3 Ionic Bonding
- ☰ 4.1.4 Metallic Bonding
☰ 4.2 Special Intermolecular Interactions
- ☰ 4.2.1 van der Waals Forces
- ☰ 4.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding

☰ 5 Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry

☰ 5.1 Chemical Thermodynamics
- ☰ 5.1.1 Energy and Conservation of Energy
- ☰ 5.1.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
- ☰ 5.1.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- ☰ 5.1.4 Gibbs Free Energy
☰ 5.2 Electrochemical Processes
- ☰ 5.2.1 Electrical Conduction and Electrolytes
- ☰ 5.2.2 Electrodes and Electrode Potentials
- ☰ 5.2.3 Electrochemical Cells and Cell Voltage
- ☰ 5.2.4 Electrolytic Processes
☰ 5.3 Chemical Kinetics
- ☰ 5.3.1 Time Course of Chemical Reactions
- ☰ 5.3.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
- ☰ 5.3.3 Catalysts and Catalysis

☰ 6 Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action

☰ 6.1 Chemical Equilibrium
- ☰ 6.1.1 Reversibility of Chemical Reactions
- ☰ 6.1.2 Establishment of Chemical Equilibrium
- ☰ 6.1.3 Law of Mass Action and the Equilibrium Constant
- ☰ 6.1.4 Relationship Between the Equilibrium Constant and Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change
☰ 6.2 Shifting Chemical Equilibria
- ☰ 6.2.1 Influence of Temperature and Pressure
- ☰ 6.2.2 Influence of Additional Reaction Conditions
☰ 6.3 Applications of the Law of Mass Action
- ☰ 6.3.1 The Ammonia Equilibrium
- ☰ 6.3.2 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product

☰ 7 Proton and Electron Transfer Reactions

☰ 8 Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry

☰ 8.1 Main Group Elements and Their Compounds
- ☰ 8.1.1 Occurrence and Preparation of the Elements
- ☰ 8.1.2 Compounds of the Main Group Elements
☰ 8.2 Properties of Transition Elements
- ☰ 8.2.1 Occurrence and Preparation of d-Block Elements
- ☰ 8.2.2 Properties and Uses of d-Block Elements
☰ 8.3 Coordination Chemistry
- ☰ 8.3.1 Structure and Nomenclature of Complexes
- ☰ 8.3.2 Synthesis of Coordination Compounds
- ☰ 8.3.3 Stability of Coordination Compounds
- ☰ 8.3.4 Bonding in Complexes
- ☰ 8.3.5 Properties and Importance of Complexes

☰ 9 Structures and Reactions of Organic Compounds

☰ 9.1 General Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
- ☰ 9.1.1 Names, Formulas, and Structures
- ☰ 9.1.2 Electronic Effects in Organic Compounds
- ☰ 9.1.3 The Concept of Isomerism
- ☰ 9.1.4 Reagents, Substrates, and Reactions
- ☰ 9.1.5 Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry
☰ 9.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- ☰ 9.2.1 Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- ☰ 9.2.2 Saturated Chain Hydrocarbons
- ☰ 9.2.3 Unsaturated Chain Hydrocarbons
☰ 9.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- ☰ 9.3.1 The Aromatic State
- ☰ 9.3.2 Substituted Benzenes
- ☰ 9.3.3 Biological Activity of Aromatic Compounds
☰ 9.4 Structures and Reactions of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
- ☰ 9.4.1 Functional Groups
- ☰ 9.4.2 Haloalkanes
- ☰ 9.4.3 Amines
- ☰ 9.4.4 Alcohols and Phenols
- ☰ 9.4.5 Ethers
- ☰ 9.4.6 Carbonyl Compounds
- ☰ 9.4.7 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
☰ 9.5 Natural Products
- ☰ 9.5.1 Carbohydrates
- ☰ 9.5.2 Fats
- ☰ 9.5.3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
☰ 9.6 Chemistry in Biological Systems
- ☰ 9.6.1 Metabolism and Biocatalysis
- ☰ 9.6.2 Autotrophic Assimilation – Photosynthesis
- ☰ 9.6.3 Heterotrophic Assimilation
- ☰ 9.6.4 Dissimilation – Respiration
- ☰ 9.6.5 Dissimilation – Fermentation

☰ 10 Selected Applications in Chemistry

☰ 10.1 Materials
- ☰ 10.1.1 Structure and Formation of Synthetic Organic Polymers
- ☰ 10.1.2 Structure and Properties of Plastics
- ☰ 10.1.3 Processing of Plastics
- ☰ 10.1.4 Tailor-Made Synthetic Polymers
- ☰ 10.1.5 Plastic Recycling
- ☰ 10.1.6 Metallic Materials
- ☰ 10.1.7 Silicones, Silicates, and Glass
☰ 10.2 Dyes
- ☰ 10.2.1 Fundamentals of Color
- ☰ 10.2.2 Natural Dyes
- ☰ 10.2.3 Synthetic Dyes
- ☰ 10.2.4 Dyeing Processes
☰ 10.3 Pharmaceuticals
- ☰ 10.3.1 Development of Pharmaceuticals
- ☰ 10.3.2 Mechanism of Action of Drugs
- ☰ 10.3.3 Drug Synthesis
☰ 10.4 Surfactants and Detergents
- ☰ 10.4.1 Surfactants as Surface-Active Substances
- ☰ 10.4.2 Applications of Surfactants
- ☰ 10.4.3 Detergents
☰ 10.5 Selected Chemical Engineering Processes
- ☰ 10.5.1 Characteristics of Chemical Engineering Processes
- ☰ 10.5.2 Industrial Production of Ammonia
- ☰ 10.5.3 Industrial Production of Nitric Acid
- ☰ 10.5.4 Industrial Production of Sulfuric Acid
- ☰ 10.5.5 Production of Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide – Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis
- ☰ 10.5.6 Production of Aluminum by Molten Salt Electrolysis
- ☰ 10.5.7 Petroleum Processing – Production of Fuels and Raw Materials
☰ 10.6 Environmental Chemistry
- ☰ 10.6.1 Release of Chemicals into the Environment
- ☰ 10.6.2 Matter Cycles
- ☰ 10.6.3 Atmospheric Pollution
- ☰ 10.6.4 Water Pollution
- ☰ 10.6.5 Soil Pollution

☰ 11 Analytical Methods

☰ 11.1 Classical Analytical Methods
- ☰ 11.1.1 Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
- ☰ 11.1.2 Analysis of Organic Compounds
☰ 11.2 Instrumental Analytical Methods
- ☰ 11.2.1 Electrochemical Analytical Methods
- ☰ 11.2.2 Chromatographic Analytical Methods
- ☰ 11.2.3 Spectroscopic Analytical Methods