36. Internal Dosimetry

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Where to Move

Move chapter:

• ☰ 1. Introduction to GATE
  • ☰ 1.1. What Is GATE?
  • ☰ 1.2. Applications of GATE
  • ☰ 1.3. GATE vs Geant4
  • ☰ 1.4. GATE Simulation Workflow
• ☰ 2. Installing GATE
  • ☰ 2.1. GATE Requirements
  • ☰ 2.2. Creating a Python Environment
  • ☰ 2.3. Installing GATE
  • ☰ 2.4. Verifying the Installation
  • ☰ 2.5. GATE Example Simulations
• ☰ 3. Python Basics for GATE
  • ☰ 3.1. Variables and Data Types
  • ☰ 3.2. Conditional Statements
  • ☰ 3.3. Loops
  • ☰ 3.4. Functions
  • ☰ 3.5. Python Modules
  • ☰ 3.6. NumPy Basics
  • ☰ 3.7. Working with Files
• ☰ 4. Creating Your First GATE Simulation
  • ☰ 4.1. Importing GATE
  • ☰ 4.2. Creating a Simulation
  • ☰ 4.3. Adding the World
  • ☰ 4.4. Adding a Particle Source
  • ☰ 4.5. Adding an Actor
  • ☰ 4.6. Running the Simulation
  • ☰ 4.7. Inspecting the Results
• ☰ 5. Units in GATE
  • ☰ 5.1. Physical Units
  • ☰ 5.2. Length Units
  • ☰ 5.3. Energy Units
  • ☰ 5.4. Time Units
  • ☰ 5.5. Radioactivity Units
  • ☰ 5.6. Using Units Correctly
• ☰ 6. Geometry Fundamentals
  • ☰ 6.1. The World Volume
  • ☰ 6.2. Creating Volumes
  • ☰ 6.3. Box Geometry
  • ☰ 6.4. Cylindrical Geometry
  • ☰ 6.5. Spherical Geometry
  • ☰ 6.6. Position and Translation
  • ☰ 6.7. Rotation
• ☰ 7. Building Complex Geometry
  • ☰ 7.1. Nested Volumes
  • ☰ 7.2. Repeated Volumes
  • ☰ 7.3. Ring Geometry
  • ☰ 7.4. Boolean Geometry
  • ☰ 7.5. Geometry Overlap
  • ☰ 7.6. Reusable Geometry Functions
• ☰ 8. Materials
  • ☰ 8.1. Material Definitions
  • ☰ 8.2. Geant4 Material Database
  • ☰ 8.3. Common Medical Materials
  • ☰ 8.4. Detector Materials
  • ☰ 8.5. Shielding Materials
  • ☰ 8.6. Creating Custom Materials
• ☰ 9. Geometry Visualization
  • ☰ 9.1. Enabling Visualization
  • ☰ 9.2. Displaying Volumes
  • ☰ 9.3. Changing the View
  • ☰ 9.4. Volume Appearance
  • ☰ 9.5. Visualizing Particle Tracks
  • ☰ 9.6. Debugging with Visualization
• ☰ 10. Particle Sources
  • ☰ 10.1. Generic Sources
  • ☰ 10.2. Particle Types
  • ☰ 10.3. Source Position
  • ☰ 10.4. Source Direction
  • ☰ 10.5. Source Energy
  • ☰ 10.6. Source Activity
• ☰ 11. Radioactive Sources
  • ☰ 11.1. Radioactive Decay
  • ☰ 11.2. Medical Radionuclides
  • ☰ 11.3. Positron Emitters
  • ☰ 11.4. Gamma Emitters
  • ☰ 11.5. Activity Distribution
  • ☰ 11.6. Time-Dependent Activity
• ☰ 12. Physics Lists
  • ☰ 12.1. What Is a Physics List?
  • ☰ 12.2. Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 12.3. Gamma Physics
  • ☰ 12.4. Electron Physics
  • ☰ 12.5. Positron Physics
  • ☰ 12.6. Hadronic Physics
  • ☰ 12.7. Choosing Physics Models
• ☰ 13. Production Cuts and Transport Parameters
  • ☰ 13.1. What Are Production Cuts?
  • ☰ 13.2. Range Cuts
  • ☰ 13.3. Region-Based Cuts
  • ☰ 13.4. Accuracy vs Performance
• ☰ 14. Actors
  • ☰ 14.1. What Is an Actor?
  • ☰ 14.2. Simulation Statistics Actor
  • ☰ 14.3. Energy Deposition Actor
  • ☰ 14.4. Dose Actor
  • ☰ 14.5. Phase Space Actor
  • ☰ 14.6. Particle Fluence
  • ☰ 14.7. Actor Filters
• ☰ 15. Dose Calculation
  • ☰ 15.1. Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 15.2. Absorbed Dose
  • ☰ 15.3. Creating a Dose Actor
  • ☰ 15.4. Dose Images
  • ☰ 15.5. Statistical Uncertainty
  • ☰ 15.6. Dose Profiles
• ☰ 16. Hits and Detector Response
  • ☰ 16.1. Particle Interactions in Detectors
  • ☰ 16.2. Hits
  • ☰ 16.3. Hit Collections
  • ☰ 16.4. Hit Attributes
  • ☰ 16.5. Hits vs Detector Signals
• ☰ 17. Digitizers
  • ☰ 17.1. What Is Digitization?
  • ☰ 17.2. Digitizer Chain
  • ☰ 17.3. Energy Summation
  • ☰ 17.4. Readout
  • ☰ 17.5. Energy Blurring
  • ☰ 17.6. Spatial Blurring
  • ☰ 17.7. Energy Thresholds
  • ☰ 17.8. Time Blurring
• ☰ 18. Singles
  • ☰ 18.1. What Are Singles?
  • ☰ 18.2. Creating Singles
  • ☰ 18.3. Detector Identification
  • ☰ 18.4. Energy Windows
  • ☰ 18.5. Analyzing Singles
• ☰ 19. Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.1. What Are Coincidences?
  • ☰ 19.2. Coincidence Sorting
  • ☰ 19.3. True Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.4. Scattered Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.5. Random Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.6. Coincidence Timing
  • ☰ 19.7. Coincidence Output
• ☰ 20. Data Output
  • ☰ 20.1. Simulation Output
  • ☰ 20.2. ROOT Output
  • ☰ 20.3. Image Output
  • ☰ 20.4. Text-Based Output
  • ☰ 20.5. Organizing Simulation Results
• ☰ 21. GATE and ROOT
  • ☰ 21.1. Reading GATE ROOT Files
  • ☰ 21.2. Inspecting Output
  • ☰ 21.3. Energy Histograms
  • ☰ 21.4. Time Histograms
  • ☰ 21.5. Detector Maps
  • ☰ 21.6. Filtering Events
• ☰ 22. GATE and Python Data Analysis
  • ☰ 22.1. Reading Simulation Output with Python
  • ☰ 22.2. Energy Spectra
  • ☰ 22.3. Position Distributions
  • ☰ 22.4. Timing Analysis
  • ☰ 22.5. Statistical Analysis
  • ☰ 22.6. Visualization
• ☰ 23. Voxelized Geometry
  • ☰ 23.1. Introduction to Voxelized Geometry
  • ☰ 23.2. Image-Based Volumes
  • ☰ 23.3. Material Mapping
  • ☰ 23.4. CT-to-Material Conversion
  • ☰ 23.5. Patient Geometry
  • ☰ 23.6. Visualizing Voxelized Geometry
• ☰ 24. Image and DICOM Data
  • ☰ 24.1. Medical Image Formats
  • ☰ 24.2. Reading CT Images
  • ☰ 24.3. DICOM CT Data
  • ☰ 24.4. RT Structure Sets
  • ☰ 24.5. RT Plans
  • ☰ 24.6. Coordinate Systems
• ☰ 25. Motion and Time-Dependent Simulations
  • ☰ 25.1. Time in GATE
  • ☰ 25.2. Moving Sources
  • ☰ 25.3. Moving Detectors
  • ☰ 25.4. Respiratory Motion
  • ☰ 25.5. Scanner Rotation
  • ☰ 25.6. Dynamic Imaging
• ☰ 26. PET Simulation Fundamentals
  • ☰ 26.1. PET Physics
  • ☰ 26.2. PET Scanner Components
  • ☰ 26.3. PET Detector Geometry
  • ☰ 26.4. PET Source
  • ☰ 26.5. PET Physics Configuration
  • ☰ 26.6. PET Detector Response
• ☰ 27. Building a PET Scanner
  • ☰ 27.1. Creating the Detector Ring
  • ☰ 27.2. Creating Detector Blocks
  • ☰ 27.3. Creating Detector Crystals
  • ☰ 27.4. Assigning Detector IDs
  • ☰ 27.5. Adding a PET Source
  • ☰ 27.6. Configuring the Digitizer
  • ☰ 27.7. Running the PET Simulation
• ☰ 28. PET Coincidence Analysis
  • ☰ 28.1. Coincidence Events
  • ☰ 28.2. Energy Selection
  • ☰ 28.3. Coincidence Time Window
  • ☰ 28.4. Lines of Response
  • ☰ 28.5. True Events
  • ☰ 28.6. Scatter Events
  • ☰ 28.7. Random Events
  • ☰ 28.8. PET Performance Metrics
• ☰ 29. Time-of-Flight PET
  • ☰ 29.1. TOF PET Principles
  • ☰ 29.2. Detector Timing Resolution
  • ☰ 29.3. Time Difference
  • ☰ 29.4. Timing Blurring
  • ☰ 29.5. Analyzing TOF Events
• ☰ 30. SPECT Simulation Fundamentals
  • ☰ 30.1. SPECT Physics
  • ☰ 30.2. SPECT Scanner Components
  • ☰ 30.3. SPECT Radionuclides
  • ☰ 30.4. Gamma Camera Geometry
  • ☰ 30.5. SPECT Source
• ☰ 31. Building a Gamma Camera
  • ☰ 31.1. Detector Head
  • ☰ 31.2. Collimator
  • ☰ 31.3. Shielding
  • ☰ 31.4. Energy Resolution
  • ☰ 31.5. Energy Window
  • ☰ 31.6. Projection Data
• ☰ 32. SPECT Acquisition
  • ☰ 32.1. Rotating Gamma Camera
  • ☰ 32.2. Projection Angles
  • ☰ 32.3. Acquisition Time
  • ☰ 32.4. Energy Windows
  • ☰ 32.5. Projection Images
  • ☰ 32.6. SPECT Data Analysis
• ☰ 33. CT and X-Ray Simulation
  • ☰ 33.1. X-Ray Physics
  • ☰ 33.2. X-Ray Source
  • ☰ 33.3. CT Geometry
  • ☰ 33.4. Detector Array
  • ☰ 33.5. Rotating CT Geometry
  • ☰ 33.6. CT Projection Data
• ☰ 34. Radiation Therapy Simulation
  • ☰ 34.1. External Beam Radiotherapy
  • ☰ 34.2. Photon Beams
  • ☰ 34.3. Electron Beams
  • ☰ 34.4. Dose Calculation
  • ☰ 34.5. Beam Geometry
  • ☰ 34.6. Dose Validation
• ☰ 35. Proton Therapy Simulation
  • ☰ 35.1. Proton Physics
  • ☰ 35.2. Proton Beam
  • ☰ 35.3. Water Phantom
  • ☰ 35.4. Bragg Peak
  • ☰ 35.5. Spread-Out Bragg Peak
  • ☰ 35.6. Proton Dose Analysis
• ☰ 36. Internal Dosimetry
  • ☰ 36.1. Radioactive Sources in the Body
  • ☰ 36.2. Voxelized Activity Maps
  • ☰ 36.3. Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 36.4. Dose Maps
  • ☰ 36.5. Radionuclide Therapy
  • ☰ 36.6. Dose Analysis
• ☰ 37. Optical Photon Simulation
  • ☰ 37.1. Optical Physics
  • ☰ 37.2. Scintillation
  • ☰ 37.3. Optical Properties
  • ☰ 37.4. Optical Surfaces
  • ☰ 37.5. Photodetectors
  • ☰ 37.6. Optical Photon Detection
• ☰ 38. Phase-Space Data
  • ☰ 38.1. What Is a Phase Space?
  • ☰ 38.2. Recording Phase-Space Data
  • ☰ 38.3. Phase-Space Files
  • ☰ 38.4. Phase-Space Sources
  • ☰ 38.5. Applications
• ☰ 39. Random Numbers and Reproducibility
  • ☰ 39.1. Monte Carlo Random Numbers
  • ☰ 39.2. Random Seeds
  • ☰ 39.3. Independent Simulations
  • ☰ 39.4. Reproducible Research
• ☰ 40. Multithreading and Performance
  • ☰ 40.1. Multithreaded Simulation
  • ☰ 40.2. Selecting the Number of Threads
  • ☰ 40.3. Simulation Speed
  • ☰ 40.4. Optimizing Geometry
  • ☰ 40.5. Optimizing Output
  • ☰ 40.6. Large Simulations
• ☰ 41. Running GATE on HPC Systems
  • ☰ 41.1. Why Use HPC?
  • ☰ 41.2. Running GATE Without Visualization
  • ☰ 41.3. Job Scripts
  • ☰ 41.4. Running with Slurm
  • ☰ 41.5. Running Multiple Simulations
  • ☰ 41.6. Combining Results
• ☰ 42. Simulation Validation
  • ☰ 42.1. Why Validate a GATE Simulation?
  • ☰ 42.2. Geometry Validation
  • ☰ 42.3. Physics Validation
  • ☰ 42.4. Comparing with Analytical Models
  • ☰ 42.5. Comparing with Experimental Data
  • ☰ 42.6. Statistical Validation
• ☰ 43. Debugging GATE Simulations
  • ☰ 43.1. Python Errors
  • ☰ 43.2. Geometry Problems
  • ☰ 43.3. Material Errors
  • ☰ 43.4. Source Problems
  • ☰ 43.5. Physics Problems
  • ☰ 43.6. Actor Problems
  • ☰ 43.7. Digitizer Problems
  • ☰ 43.8. Performance Problems
• ☰ 44. Writing Better GATE Simulations
  • ☰ 44.1. Organizing Simulation Scripts
  • ☰ 44.2. Configuration Files
  • ☰ 44.3. Avoiding Hard-Coded Values
  • ☰ 44.4. Reusable Components
  • ☰ 44.5. Output Organization
  • ☰ 44.6. Documentation
  • ☰ 44.7. Version Control
• ☰ 45. Practical Example: Gamma-Ray Detector
  • ☰ 45.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 45.2. Creating the World
  • ☰ 45.3. Creating the Detector
  • ☰ 45.4. Creating a Gamma Source
  • ☰ 45.5. Configuring Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 45.6. Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 45.7. Adding Energy Resolution
  • ☰ 45.8. Creating an Energy Spectrum
  • ☰ 45.9. Analyzing the Spectrum
• ☰ 46. Practical Example: Radiation Shielding
  • ☰ 46.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 46.2. Creating the Source
  • ☰ 46.3. Creating the Shield
  • ☰ 46.4. Selecting Shielding Materials
  • ☰ 46.5. Changing Shield Thickness
  • ☰ 46.6. Recording Transmitted Photons
  • ☰ 46.7. Calculating Transmission
  • ☰ 46.8. Calculating Attenuation
  • ☰ 46.9. Comparing with the Exponential Attenuation Law
• ☰ 47. Practical Example: PET Scanner
  • ☰ 47.1. Project Overview
  • ☰ 47.2. Creating the PET Ring
  • ☰ 47.3. Creating Detector Modules
  • ☰ 47.4. Creating Detector Crystals
  • ☰ 47.5. Adding an F-18 Source
  • ☰ 47.6. Configuring PET Physics
  • ☰ 47.7. Recording Hits
  • ☰ 47.8. Creating Singles
  • ☰ 47.9. Applying Energy Blurring
  • ☰ 47.10. Applying the PET Energy Window
  • ☰ 47.11. Sorting Coincidences
  • ☰ 47.12. Identifying True Coincidences
  • ☰ 47.13. Identifying Scattered Coincidences
  • ☰ 47.14. Creating Lines of Response
  • ☰ 47.15. Saving PET Data