38 Phase-Space Data

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Where to Move

Move chapter:

• ☰ 1 Introduction to GATE
  • ☰ 1.1 What Is GATE?
  • ☰ 1.2 Applications of GATE
  • ☰ 1.3 GATE vs Geant4
  • ☰ 1.4 GATE Simulation Workflow
• ☰ 2 Installing GATE
  • ☰ 2.1 GATE Requirements
  • ☰ 2.2 Creating a Python Environment
  • ☰ 2.3 Installing GATE
  • ☰ 2.4 Verifying the Installation
  • ☰ 2.5 GATE Example Simulations
• ☰ 3 Python Basics for GATE
  • ☰ 3.1 Variables and Data Types
  • ☰ 3.2 Conditional Statements
  • ☰ 3.3 Loops
  • ☰ 3.4 Functions
  • ☰ 3.5 Python Modules
  • ☰ 3.6 NumPy Basics
  • ☰ 3.7 Working with Files
• ☰ 4 Creating Your First GATE Simulation
  • ☰ 4.1 Importing GATE
  • ☰ 4.2 Creating a Simulation
  • ☰ 4.3 Adding the World
  • ☰ 4.4 Adding a Particle Source
  • ☰ 4.5 Adding an Actor
  • ☰ 4.6 Running the Simulation
  • ☰ 4.7 Inspecting the Results
• ☰ 5 Units in GATE
  • ☰ 5.1 Physical Units
  • ☰ 5.2 Length Units
  • ☰ 5.3 Energy Units
  • ☰ 5.4 Time Units
  • ☰ 5.5 Radioactivity Units
  • ☰ 5.6 Using Units Correctly
• ☰ 6 Geometry Fundamentals
  • ☰ 6.1 The World Volume
  • ☰ 6.2 Creating Volumes
  • ☰ 6.3 Box Geometry
  • ☰ 6.4 Cylindrical Geometry
  • ☰ 6.5 Spherical Geometry
  • ☰ 6.6 Position and Translation
  • ☰ 6.7 Rotation
• ☰ 7 Building Complex Geometry
  • ☰ 7.1 Nested Volumes
  • ☰ 7.2 Repeated Volumes
  • ☰ 7.3 Ring Geometry
  • ☰ 7.4 Boolean Geometry
  • ☰ 7.5 Geometry Overlap
  • ☰ 7.6 Reusable Geometry Functions
• ☰ 8 Materials
  • ☰ 8.1 Material Definitions
  • ☰ 8.2 Geant4 Material Database
  • ☰ 8.3 Common Medical Materials
  • ☰ 8.4 Detector Materials
  • ☰ 8.5 Shielding Materials
  • ☰ 8.6 Creating Custom Materials
• ☰ 9 Geometry Visualization
  • ☰ 9.1 Enabling Visualization
  • ☰ 9.2 Displaying Volumes
  • ☰ 9.3 Changing the View
  • ☰ 9.4 Volume Appearance
  • ☰ 9.5 Visualizing Particle Tracks
  • ☰ 9.6 Debugging with Visualization
• ☰ 10 Particle Sources
  • ☰ 10.1 Generic Sources
  • ☰ 10.2 Particle Types
  • ☰ 10.3 Source Position
  • ☰ 10.4 Source Direction
  • ☰ 10.5 Source Energy
  • ☰ 10.6 Source Activity
• ☰ 11 Radioactive Sources
  • ☰ 11.1 Radioactive Decay
  • ☰ 11.2 Medical Radionuclides
  • ☰ 11.3 Positron Emitters
  • ☰ 11.4 Gamma Emitters
  • ☰ 11.5 Activity Distribution
  • ☰ 11.6 Time-Dependent Activity
• ☰ 12 Physics Lists
  • ☰ 12.1 What Is a Physics List?
  • ☰ 12.2 Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 12.3 Gamma Physics
  • ☰ 12.4 Electron Physics
  • ☰ 12.5 Positron Physics
  • ☰ 12.6 Hadronic Physics
  • ☰ 12.7 Choosing Physics Models
• ☰ 13 Production Cuts and Transport Parameters
  • ☰ 13.1 What Are Production Cuts?
  • ☰ 13.2 Range Cuts
  • ☰ 13.3 Region-Based Cuts
  • ☰ 13.4 Accuracy vs Performance
• ☰ 14 Actors
  • ☰ 14.1 What Is an Actor?
  • ☰ 14.2 Simulation Statistics Actor
  • ☰ 14.3 Energy Deposition Actor
  • ☰ 14.4 Dose Actor
  • ☰ 14.5 Phase Space Actor
  • ☰ 14.6 Particle Fluence
  • ☰ 14.7 Actor Filters
• ☰ 15 Dose Calculation
  • ☰ 15.1 Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 15.2 Absorbed Dose
  • ☰ 15.3 Creating a Dose Actor
  • ☰ 15.4 Dose Images
  • ☰ 15.5 Statistical Uncertainty
  • ☰ 15.6 Dose Profiles
• ☰ 16 Hits and Detector Response
  • ☰ 16.1 Particle Interactions in Detectors
  • ☰ 16.2 Hits
  • ☰ 16.3 Hit Collections
  • ☰ 16.4 Hit Attributes
  • ☰ 16.5 Hits vs Detector Signals
• ☰ 17 Digitizers
  • ☰ 17.1 What Is Digitization?
  • ☰ 17.2 Digitizer Chain
  • ☰ 17.3 Energy Summation
  • ☰ 17.4 Readout
  • ☰ 17.5 Energy Blurring
  • ☰ 17.6 Spatial Blurring
  • ☰ 17.7 Energy Thresholds
  • ☰ 17.8 Time Blurring
• ☰ 18 Singles
  • ☰ 18.1 What Are Singles?
  • ☰ 18.2 Creating Singles
  • ☰ 18.3 Detector Identification
  • ☰ 18.4 Energy Windows
  • ☰ 18.5 Analyzing Singles
• ☰ 19 Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.1 What Are Coincidences?
  • ☰ 19.2 Coincidence Sorting
  • ☰ 19.3 True Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.4 Scattered Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.5 Random Coincidences
  • ☰ 19.6 Coincidence Timing
  • ☰ 19.7 Coincidence Output
• ☰ 20 Data Output
  • ☰ 20.1 Simulation Output
  • ☰ 20.2 ROOT Output
  • ☰ 20.3 Image Output
  • ☰ 20.4 Text-Based Output
  • ☰ 20.5 Organizing Simulation Results
• ☰ 21 GATE and ROOT
  • ☰ 21.1 Reading GATE ROOT Files
  • ☰ 21.2 Inspecting Output
  • ☰ 21.3 Energy Histograms
  • ☰ 21.4 Time Histograms
  • ☰ 21.5 Detector Maps
  • ☰ 21.6 Filtering Events
• ☰ 22 GATE and Python Data Analysis
  • ☰ 22.1 Reading Simulation Output with Python
  • ☰ 22.2 Energy Spectra
  • ☰ 22.3 Position Distributions
  • ☰ 22.4 Timing Analysis
  • ☰ 22.5 Statistical Analysis
  • ☰ 22.6 Visualization
• ☰ 23 Voxelized Geometry
  • ☰ 23.1 Introduction to Voxelized Geometry
  • ☰ 23.2 Image-Based Volumes
  • ☰ 23.3 Material Mapping
  • ☰ 23.4 CT-to-Material Conversion
  • ☰ 23.5 Patient Geometry
  • ☰ 23.6 Visualizing Voxelized Geometry
• ☰ 24 Image and DICOM Data
  • ☰ 24.1 Medical Image Formats
  • ☰ 24.2 Reading CT Images
  • ☰ 24.3 DICOM CT Data
  • ☰ 24.4 RT Structure Sets
  • ☰ 24.5 RT Plans
  • ☰ 24.6 Coordinate Systems
• ☰ 25 Motion and Time-Dependent Simulations
  • ☰ 25.1 Time in GATE
  • ☰ 25.2 Moving Sources
  • ☰ 25.3 Moving Detectors
  • ☰ 25.4 Respiratory Motion
  • ☰ 25.5 Scanner Rotation
  • ☰ 25.6 Dynamic Imaging
• ☰ 26 PET Simulation Fundamentals
  • ☰ 26.1 PET Physics
  • ☰ 26.2 PET Scanner Components
  • ☰ 26.3 PET Detector Geometry
  • ☰ 26.4 PET Source
  • ☰ 26.5 PET Physics Configuration
  • ☰ 26.6 PET Detector Response
• ☰ 27 Building a PET Scanner
  • ☰ 27.1 Creating the Detector Ring
  • ☰ 27.2 Creating Detector Blocks
  • ☰ 27.3 Creating Detector Crystals
  • ☰ 27.4 Assigning Detector IDs
  • ☰ 27.5 Adding a PET Source
  • ☰ 27.6 Configuring the Digitizer
  • ☰ 27.7 Running the PET Simulation
• ☰ 28 PET Coincidence Analysis
  • ☰ 28.1 Coincidence Events
  • ☰ 28.2 Energy Selection
  • ☰ 28.3 Coincidence Time Window
  • ☰ 28.4 Lines of Response
  • ☰ 28.5 True Events
  • ☰ 28.6 Scatter Events
  • ☰ 28.7 Random Events
  • ☰ 28.8 PET Performance Metrics
• ☰ 29 Time-of-Flight PET
  • ☰ 29.1 TOF PET Principles
  • ☰ 29.2 Detector Timing Resolution
  • ☰ 29.3 Time Difference
  • ☰ 29.4 Timing Blurring
  • ☰ 29.5 Analyzing TOF Events
• ☰ 30 SPECT Simulation Fundamentals
  • ☰ 30.1 SPECT Physics
  • ☰ 30.2 SPECT Scanner Components
  • ☰ 30.3 SPECT Radionuclides
  • ☰ 30.4 Gamma Camera Geometry
  • ☰ 30.5 SPECT Source
• ☰ 31 Building a Gamma Camera
  • ☰ 31.1 Detector Head
  • ☰ 31.2 Collimator
  • ☰ 31.3 Shielding
  • ☰ 31.4 Energy Resolution
  • ☰ 31.5 Energy Window
  • ☰ 31.6 Projection Data
• ☰ 32 SPECT Acquisition
  • ☰ 32.1 Rotating Gamma Camera
  • ☰ 32.2 Projection Angles
  • ☰ 32.3 Acquisition Time
  • ☰ 32.4 Energy Windows
  • ☰ 32.5 Projection Images
  • ☰ 32.6 SPECT Data Analysis
• ☰ 33 CT and X-Ray Simulation
  • ☰ 33.1 X-Ray Physics
  • ☰ 33.2 X-Ray Source
  • ☰ 33.3 CT Geometry
  • ☰ 33.4 Detector Array
  • ☰ 33.5 Rotating CT Geometry
  • ☰ 33.6 CT Projection Data
• ☰ 34 Radiation Therapy Simulation
  • ☰ 34.1 External Beam Radiotherapy
  • ☰ 34.2 Photon Beams
  • ☰ 34.3 Electron Beams
  • ☰ 34.4 Dose Calculation
  • ☰ 34.5 Beam Geometry
  • ☰ 34.6 Dose Validation
• ☰ 35 Proton Therapy Simulation
  • ☰ 35.1 Proton Physics
  • ☰ 35.2 Proton Beam
  • ☰ 35.3 Water Phantom
  • ☰ 35.4 Bragg Peak
  • ☰ 35.5 Spread-Out Bragg Peak
  • ☰ 35.6 Proton Dose Analysis
• ☰ 36 Internal Dosimetry
  • ☰ 36.1 Radioactive Sources in the Body
  • ☰ 36.2 Voxelized Activity Maps
  • ☰ 36.3 Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 36.4 Dose Maps
  • ☰ 36.5 Radionuclide Therapy
  • ☰ 36.6 Dose Analysis
• ☰ 37 Optical Photon Simulation
  • ☰ 37.1 Optical Physics
  • ☰ 37.2 Scintillation
  • ☰ 37.3 Optical Properties
  • ☰ 37.4 Optical Surfaces
  • ☰ 37.5 Photodetectors
  • ☰ 37.6 Optical Photon Detection
• ☰ 38 Phase-Space Data
  • ☰ 38.1 What Is a Phase Space?
  • ☰ 38.2 Recording Phase-Space Data
  • ☰ 38.3 Phase-Space Files
  • ☰ 38.4 Phase-Space Sources
  • ☰ 38.5 Applications
• ☰ 39 Random Numbers and Reproducibility
  • ☰ 39.1 Monte Carlo Random Numbers
  • ☰ 39.2 Random Seeds
  • ☰ 39.3 Independent Simulations
  • ☰ 39.4 Reproducible Research
• ☰ 40 Multithreading and Performance
  • ☰ 40.1 Multithreaded Simulation
  • ☰ 40.2 Selecting the Number of Threads
  • ☰ 40.3 Simulation Speed
  • ☰ 40.4 Optimizing Geometry
  • ☰ 40.5 Optimizing Output
  • ☰ 40.6 Large Simulations
• ☰ 41 Running GATE on HPC Systems
  • ☰ 41.1 Why Use HPC?
  • ☰ 41.2 Running GATE Without Visualization
  • ☰ 41.3 Job Scripts
  • ☰ 41.4 Running with Slurm
  • ☰ 41.5 Running Multiple Simulations
  • ☰ 41.6 Combining Results
• ☰ 42 Simulation Validation
  • ☰ 42.1 Why Validate a GATE Simulation?
  • ☰ 42.2 Geometry Validation
  • ☰ 42.3 Physics Validation
  • ☰ 42.4 Comparing with Analytical Models
  • ☰ 42.5 Comparing with Experimental Data
  • ☰ 42.6 Statistical Validation
• ☰ 43 Debugging GATE Simulations
  • ☰ 43.1 Python Errors
  • ☰ 43.2 Geometry Problems
  • ☰ 43.3 Material Errors
  • ☰ 43.4 Source Problems
  • ☰ 43.5 Physics Problems
  • ☰ 43.6 Actor Problems
  • ☰ 43.7 Digitizer Problems
  • ☰ 43.8 Performance Problems
• ☰ 44 Writing Better GATE Simulations
  • ☰ 44.1 Organizing Simulation Scripts
  • ☰ 44.2 Configuration Files
  • ☰ 44.3 Avoiding Hard-Coded Values
  • ☰ 44.4 Reusable Components
  • ☰ 44.5 Output Organization
  • ☰ 44.6 Documentation
  • ☰ 44.7 Version Control
• ☰ 45 Practical Example: Gamma-Ray Detector
  • ☰ 45.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 45.2 Creating the World
  • ☰ 45.3 Creating the Detector
  • ☰ 45.4 Creating a Gamma Source
  • ☰ 45.5 Configuring Electromagnetic Physics
  • ☰ 45.6 Recording Energy Deposition
  • ☰ 45.7 Adding Energy Resolution
  • ☰ 45.8 Creating an Energy Spectrum
  • ☰ 45.9 Analyzing the Spectrum
• ☰ 46 Practical Example: Radiation Shielding
  • ☰ 46.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 46.2 Creating the Source
  • ☰ 46.3 Creating the Shield
  • ☰ 46.4 Selecting Shielding Materials
  • ☰ 46.5 Changing Shield Thickness
  • ☰ 46.6 Recording Transmitted Photons
  • ☰ 46.7 Calculating Transmission
  • ☰ 46.8 Calculating Attenuation
  • ☰ 46.9 Comparing with the Exponential Attenuation Law
• ☰ 47 Practical Example: PET Scanner
  • ☰ 47.1 Project Overview
  • ☰ 47.2 Creating the PET Ring
  • ☰ 47.3 Creating Detector Modules
  • ☰ 47.4 Creating Detector Crystals
  • ☰ 47.5 Adding an F-18 Source
  • ☰ 47.6 Configuring PET Physics
  • ☰ 47.7 Recording Hits
  • ☰ 47.8 Creating Singles
  • ☰ 47.9 Applying Energy Blurring
  • ☰ 47.10 Applying the PET Energy Window
  • ☰ 47.11 Sorting Coincidences
  • ☰ 47.12 Identifying True Coincidences
  • ☰ 47.13 Identifying Scattered Coincidences
  • ☰ 47.14 Creating Lines of Response
  • ☰ 47.15 Saving PET Data