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3.6 Question Words

Table of Contents

Using Question Words in Georgian

In this chapter you will learn the core Georgian question words and how to use them in simple sentences. You already know that yesโ€“no questions are handled elsewhere, so here we focus only on word questions like โ€œwho,โ€ โ€œwhat,โ€ โ€œwhere,โ€ and so on.

Throughout the chapter, remember that Georgian has flexible word order. In many examples, the question word comes first, but it can move, especially in more advanced speech. For now, keep it near the beginning for clarity.

Key idea: Georgian question words are usually followed by a verb or a short phrase, and your intonation rises at the end of the question, similar to English.


โ€œWhatโ€ โ€“ แƒ แƒ (ra)

The basic word for โ€œwhatโ€ is แƒ แƒ (ra). Use it to ask about things, actions, explanations, and information.

Simple โ€œWhat is it?โ€ questions

You will learn the verb โ€œto beโ€ more deeply elsewhere, but here are some simple patterns:

Same meaning, just different word order.

Asking โ€œWhat is your name?โ€ with แƒ แƒ

You will see more on introductions in another chapter, but this is a very common pattern:

Literally it means something like โ€œwhat are you called?โ€

Asking about actions and explanations

Important:

  • แƒ แƒ (ra) by itself means โ€œwhat.โ€
  • When it joins with verbs or postpositions, it often takes the form แƒ แƒ / แƒ แƒแƒก / แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” / แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜, etc. These forms belong to the case system, which you will study in detail later.

Mini-dialogues with แƒ แƒ

A: แƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก?
es ra aris?
โ€œWhat is this?โ€

B: แƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒ.
es cignia.
โ€œThis is a book.โ€
A: แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅ?
ra xdeba ak?
โ€œWhat is happening here?โ€

B: แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.
lekcia itskheba.
โ€œThe lecture is starting.โ€

โ€œWhoโ€ โ€“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ (vin)

Use แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ (vin) to ask about people.

Basic โ€œWho is it?โ€ questions

โ€œWho is that person?โ€

Mini-dialogues with แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ

A: แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก?
is vin aris?
โ€œWho is he / she?โ€

B: แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ.
is profesoria.
โ€œHe / she is a professor.โ€
A: แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒœ?
vin xar shen?
โ€œWho are you?โ€

B: แƒ›แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜.
me var studenti.
โ€œI am a student.โ€

โ€œWhereโ€ โ€“ แƒกแƒแƒ“ (sad)

Use แƒกแƒแƒ“ (sad) to ask about location or direction.

Asking about place

Asking โ€œWhere is this/that?โ€

โ€œFrom whereโ€ and โ€œto whereโ€

You will learn case forms later, but you may notice related patterns:

Focus now on แƒกแƒแƒ“ (sad) as the core โ€œwhere.โ€

Mini-dialogues with แƒกแƒแƒ“

A: แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ?
sad xar axla?
โ€œWhere are you now?โ€

B: แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ .
sakhlshi var.
โ€œI am at home.โ€
A: แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜?
sad aris universitโ€™eti?
โ€œWhere is the university?โ€

B: แƒ˜แƒฅ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก.
ik aris.
โ€œIt is there.โ€

โ€œWhenโ€ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก (rodis)

Use แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก (rodis) to ask about time.

Basic โ€œWhenโ€ questions

Mini-dialogues with แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก

A: แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ?
rodis aris gamocda?
โ€œWhen is the exam?โ€

B: แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก.
xval aris.
โ€œIt is tomorrow.โ€
A: แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜?
rodis modixar tโ€™bilisshi?
โ€œWhen are you coming to Tbilisi?โ€

B: แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜.
mumaval kvirashi.
โ€œNext week.โ€

โ€œWhyโ€ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› (ratom)

Use แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› (ratom) to ask about reason.

Basic โ€œWhyโ€ questions

Answering โ€œWhyโ€ questions

You will later learn more words for โ€œbecause,โ€ but two very common options are:

Examples:

Q: แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜?
ratom xar daghlili?
โ€œWhy are you tired?โ€

A: แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”.
imitom rom bevri vimushave.
โ€œBecause I worked a lot.โ€
Q: แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ ?
ratom ar modixar?
โ€œWhy are you not coming?โ€

A: แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ .
radgan dakavebuli var.
โ€œBecause I am busy.โ€

โ€œHowโ€ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  (rogor)

Use แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  (rogor) to ask about manner, and also in very common greeting formulas.

โ€œHow are you?โ€ expressions

Very common answers:

Asking โ€œHowโ€ about actions and things

Mini-dialogues with แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ 

A: แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒแƒ ?
gamarjoba, rogor xar?
โ€œHello, how are you?โ€

B: แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒจแƒ”แƒœ?
kargad var, shen?
โ€œI am fine, and you?โ€
A: แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก?
kartuli rogor gesmis?
โ€œHow do you understand Georgian?โ€

B: แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“.
nela, magram kargad.
โ€œSlowly, but well.โ€

โ€œWhichโ€ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ (romeli)

Use แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ (romeli) to ask about choice between options. It is often followed by a noun.

โ€œWhich one?โ€ questions

Asking โ€œWhich is yours?โ€

Mini-dialogues with แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜

A: แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”?
romeli chai ginda, shavi tu mtsโ€™vane?
โ€œWhich tea do you want, black or green?โ€

B: แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ.
shavi chai minda.
โ€œI want black tea.โ€
A: แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก?
romeli kursi gkavs dghes?
โ€œWhich course do you have today?โ€

B: แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜.
kartuli enis kursi.
โ€œThe Georgian language course.โ€

โ€œHow much / How manyโ€ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ (ramdeni)

Use แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ (ramdeni) to ask about quantity. You can use it with countable things and in some contexts like price, although money questions will be expanded in other chapters.

Counting things

Asking about price

Pattern:
แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ + noun โ€“ โ€œhow many [noun]โ€
Example: แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ” โ€“ ramdeni dghe โ€“ โ€œhow many daysโ€

Mini-dialogues with แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜

A: แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ—?
ramdeni studenti xart?
โ€œHow many students are you?โ€

B: แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—.
ati studenti vart.
โ€œWe are ten students.โ€
A: แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒก?
es telefoni ramdeni ghirs?
โ€œHow much is this phone?โ€

B: แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒก แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜.
otxas lari.
โ€œFour hundred lari.โ€

โ€œWhoseโ€ โ€“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ (visi)

Use แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ (visi) to ask about possession, similar to โ€œwhoseโ€ in English.

Basic โ€œWhose is it?โ€ questions

Mini-dialogues with แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜

A: แƒ”แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฃแƒ—แƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ?
es visi noutโ€™bukia?
โ€œWhose laptop is this?โ€

B: แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก.
chemi megobris.
โ€œMy friendโ€™s.โ€
A: แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜?
visi cignia es lurji cigni?
โ€œWhose book is this blue book?โ€

B: แƒ”แƒก แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒ.
es chemi mastโ€™cโ€™avleblis cignia.
โ€œThis is my teacherโ€™s book.โ€

Combining Question Words with Other Words

You can add time words, place words, or other information to make your questions more precise.

Examples

You can also place question words later in the sentence, but for beginners it is easier to keep them near the start.


Short Practice Section

Here are some English questions. Try to guess the Georgian question word that fits, then check the suggested answer.

  1. Who is this?
    โ†’ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒก? โ€“ vin aris es?
  2. Where is the bus?
    โ†’ แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜? โ€“ sad aris avtobusi?
  3. When is the lesson?
    โ†’ แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜? โ€“ rodis aris gakvetili?
  4. Why are you sad?
    โ†’ แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜? โ€“ ratom xar sevdiani?
  5. How are you today?
    โ†’ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก? โ€“ rogor xar dghes?
  6. Which city do you like?
    โ†’ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒก? โ€“ romeli qalaqi giyvars?
  7. How many students are here?
    โ†’ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅ? โ€“ ramdeni studenti aris ak?
  8. Whose pen is this?
    โ†’ แƒ”แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšเดฎเดพเดฃเต? โ€“ es visi kalamia?

Summary of Main Question Words


EnglishGeorgianTransliterationTypical use
whatแƒ แƒrathings, actions, information
whoแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœvinpeople
whereแƒกแƒแƒ“sadplace, location
whenแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒกrodistime
whyแƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ›ratomreason
howแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ rogormanner, โ€œhow are youโ€
whichแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜romelichoice between options
how many/muchแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ramdeniquantity, price
whoseแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜visipossession

New Vocabulary from This Chapter

GeorgianTransliterationEnglish meaning
แƒ แƒrawhat
แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœvinwho
แƒกแƒแƒ“sadwhere
แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒกrodiswhen
แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ›ratomwhy
แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ rogorhow
แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜romeliwhich
แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ramdenihow many, how much
แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜visiwhose
แƒแƒฅakhere
แƒ˜แƒฅikthere
แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกdghestoday
แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒšxvaltomorrow
แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒaxlanow
แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜gakvetililesson
แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜studentistudent
แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜cignibook
แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ojaxifamily
แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜megobarifriend
แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜universitetiuniversity
แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜qalaqicity
แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒkveqanacountry
แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ / แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜samushao / samsaxuriwork, job
แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜tavisupalifree
แƒ“แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜daghlilitired
แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜sevdianisad
แƒซแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜dzwiriexpensive
แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒnelaslowly
แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“kargadwell, fine
แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœdzalianvery
แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒ›mitom rom / imitorombecause
แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœradganbecause

You can now build many different questions by combining these words with the verb patterns you learn in other chapters.

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